LEGACY, 1963-1993
Thirty Years of African-American Students at Duke University
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Duke University
Office of the University Vice President eS Vice Provost
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
Duke University Libraries
http://www.archive.org/details/legacy19631993th00duke
Legacy,
1963-1993
Copyright © 1995 Duke University
All rights reserved.
All photographs and documents associated with the history ol Duke University are
from the Duke University Archives. All of the stall generously gave time and assis-
tance to make this book as accurate as possible. Any errors that may exist should be
attributed to us and not to them.
The section "The First Five Undergraduates" was written by Bridget Booher and
was first published in the September-October, 1992 issue of the Duke Magazine.
Research and compilation of manuscript by Tracy Ainsworth and Gail A. Williams
Copyediting, cover and text design, desktop publishing, and print production by
Neylan G. Allebaugh
The African ornaments used throughout the book were designed by Michelle Dixon
ol Santa Barbara, California. They are derived Irom the art ol the Ashanti, Masai,
Zulu, Bushongo, and many other tribes.
The data tor the two appendixes was produced, cheerfully and in just the right for-
mat, by George Smith of Alumni Development Office and Judy Pope of University
Development Office. Many thanks for their able assistance.
Front cover illustrations:
The first three graduates — Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, Nathaniel White, Jr., and
Mary Mitchell Harris
Thirtieth Anniversary logo, designed by Gail A. Williams
Back cover illustrations, from top left, clockwise:
The banner on the door, Allen Building Takeover, February 13, 1969
The statue of James B. Duke, with "Support the Vigil" sign in hand, Silent Vigil,
April 5-11, 1968
Students marching to the president's house, Silent Vigil
Meeting outside Allen Building in teargas cloud, Allen Building Takeover
Legacy,
1963-1993:
Thirty Years of
African- American
Students at
Duke University
Published by Duke University, Office of the University Vice President ej Vice Pnnvjt, 1995
This book is dedicated to
the life and work
of Julian Francis Abele,
the architect of the Duke
campus, whose black identity
became widely known only as
recently as in 1988.
Julian Francis Abele
1881-1950
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anyone who has published a book knows that it is a collaborative enter-
prise. Certainly a book such as this one has benefited greatly from the co-
operation, assistance, wisdom, and generosity of many people.
It is not possible to name all of the people who have contributed, in one
way or another, to the work that has gone into this book.
I would like to mention several people whose vision and support made
the book possible. Credit lor the idea of a commemorative event in recog-
nition of the first thirty years of black students at Duke grew out of a con-
versation I had with Professor Jerome Culp of Duke University Law
School at the ACC tournament in the spring of 1992.
President H. Keith H. Brodie enthusiastically supported the idea and
appointed the planning committee that I chaired.
Those persons who have made special contributions to this book have
been mentioned elsewhere in the book. I would like to make note here of
the invaluable help and support received from Mr. Laney Funderburk, as-
sociate vice president and director of alumni affairs, Mr. John Burness,
senior vice president for public affairs, Mr. William King, the archivist for
Duke University', and Professor Emeritus Jack J. Preiss for the much-
needed thoughtful review and feedback on the manuscript tor this book.
The contributions of Dr. Brenda Armstrong and the dav-to-dav atten-
tion to this project by my executive assistant Michael L. Hunt were indis-
pensable to the successful completion of this project.
— Leonard C. Beckum
CONTENTS
Foreword / John Hope Franklin I
Introduction / Leonard C. Beckum 3
A Letter from the President / Nannerl O. Keohane 5
Thirtieth Anniversary Committee Statement 6
Comments on the Thirtieth Year Commemoration 7
I HISTORY OF INTEGRATION
A Timeline of Key Events I 3
A Brief History of Duke University 18
A Look to the Past / Jack J. Preiss 1 9
Policy Changes 21
The First Five Undergraduates 3 I
Student Activism 37
2 THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS
List of Events 49
Welcoming Reception 5 I
Thirtieth Anniversary House Course, "Race and Education" 52
House-Course Speaker Series 54
3 PROFILES OF A FEW ALUMNI, FACULTY, & ADMINISTRATORS 59
Brenda Armstrong / Leonard C. Beckum
Ben|amin Franklin Chavis, Jr. / Kenneth Chestnut / Samuel
Dubois Cook / Philip R. Cousin, Sr. / Maureen Cullins
Johnny Dawkins / Janet Smith Dickerson
William C. Turner
4 WHERE WE ARE NOW
Institutional Policies 71
African-American Student Life 73
Black Faculty Initiative Update 75
Afterword 77
Appendix A: List of All Blacks Who
Received Undergraduate Degrees at Duke 79
Appendix B: List of All Blacks Who
Received Graduate Degrees at Duke 92
Thirtieth Anniversary Committee
HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS
The Honorable Dan T. Blue, Jr., Law '73; Speaker, N.C. House of Representatives
Julius L. Chambers, Chancellor, North Carolina Central University
Samuel DuBois Cook, President, Dillard University; Trustee, Duke University
Johnny Dawkins, 86, Philadelphia 76ers Basketball Team
Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, '67, Associate Dean of Law School, Syracuse University; Trustee, Duke University
Benjamin Rutfin, Vice President tor Corporate Affairs, R. J. Reynolds/Nabisco Corporation
Man' Duke Biddle Trent Semans, '39, Chairperson, The Duke Endowment Board of Trustees
PLANNING COMMITTEE
Brenda E. Armstrong, M.D., '70, Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Leonard C. Beckum, Ph.D., Chairperson, University Vice President and Vice Provost
Dan T. Blue, III, '95, B. N. Duke Scholar, School of Engineering
John F. Burness, Senior Vice President for Public Affairs
Sana Coleman, '94
Maureen D. Cullins, '76, Acting Director, The Office tor Intercultural Affairs
Jerome M. Gulp, Professor of Law
Janet Smith Dickerson, Vice President for Student Affairs
M. Laney Funderburk, Jr., '60, Associate Vice President/Director, Alumni Affairs
Angela C. Gore, '94, Co- President of Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship Organization
William J. Griffith, '50, Vice President Emeritus
Michael L. Hunt, Executive Assistant to University Vice President and Vice Provost
George W. Jordan, III, '93, Co-President of Reginaldo Howard Alemorial Scholarship Organization
Jon J. Phelps, Director, Bryan Center
William C. Turner, Jr., Ph.D., '70, Director, Black Church Affairs
Gail A. Williams, Career Specialist, Career Development Center
Janice G. Williams, '71, School Social Worker, Durham Public Schools
'All titles and affiliations are listed as of Julv 1993.
Foreword
JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN
Jamu B. Duke ProfeMor Emeritus oj History
In the long sweep ot human history, Duke University is a
mere fledgling institution, even it one takes into considera-
tion its predecessor, Trinity College. The presence of
African Americans as matriculants dates back only thirty
years, a mere yesterday. But it was a "yesterday" long in
the making. More than a halt century ago, when I was
teaching at what is now North Carolina Central University
and was a frequent user of the Duke University Library,
Dr. Nannie Tillev or one of her assistants would regularly
call to inform me ot any changes in the hours of the library
due to holidays or university vacations. This was to me a
"good sign" that Duke could, even would, make the transi-
tion from exclusion to inclusion.
The forces that brought about racial inclusion were
legal, political, and economic — among others. When the
United States Supreme Court outlawed segregation in the
public schools in Brown v. Board of Education and in higher
education in SweaJtl v. Painter and other landmark cases, the
doors of all schools were opened, if only to a small degree.
When African Americans and others who believed in equal
opportunity began to urge elected officials at every level to
open the doors of public colleges and universities, they
made it clear that they would support their views at the
ballot box. When it became clear that at least some white
students were not so much interested in race as in acade-
mic qualifications and human qualities, admission policies
at Duke and other all-white colleges and universities be-
came more amenable to the principle of racial inclusion.
When various economic dispensations opened the univer-
sity to less-privileged students, the arguments against the
admission of African Americans were significantly weak-
ened. At some point along the way, the more serious acad-
emics at Duke and elsewhere began to realize that the ex-
clusion ot African Americans solely on the basis of race
was not only specious and anti-intellectual but contrary to
the very principles on which the university was founded.
In the three decades that African Americans have been
a part of the life of Duke University as students, profes-
sors, and officers, this educational enterprise has moved
closer to the true mission of any institution ot its kind. It
no longer needs to expend its energy denying the obvious
and supporting untenable positions that fly in the face of
truth and reason. In 1965, when I was riding the bus one
Sunday morning from Durham to Greensboro, a white
mother, father, and their two small children boarded the
bus at a rural stop. The children immediately ran to the
back of the bus and climbed on to the broad back seat and
were obviously delighted to watch the receding landscape
as the bus moved forward. I remarked to myself that at last
those children as well as their parents were free to sit
where they pleased. The Civil Rights Act of the previous
year had not only made it possible tor blacks to sit any-
where, but removed the constraints from whites as well.
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Vb
When Matthew A. Zimmerman, Jr., was one of the first
two African-American students admitted to Duke Univer-
sity, he was part of the liberation of Duke University that
the faculty' and trustees had initiated two years earlier. He
made legitimate the presence of African Americans on
Duke campus that Julian Abele had begun when he de-
signed the West campus a generation earlier. The process
begun on those occasions has continued so that now on the
thirtieth anniversary of that liberation, Duke University is
as free as were those two children who climbed on the
back seat of the bus back in 1965.
<^{? LEGACY. 1963-1993
Introduction
LEONARD C. BECKUM
I 'niiYr.iily I 'ice President ej \'uv Piwo.it
Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committer
On behalf of the Thirtieth Anniversary Committee, I wel-
come vou to our commemoration of thirty years of African-
American students at Duke University. These pages are
filled with the accomplishments of African-American stu-
dents who have contributed to the university's national
reputation for academic and athletic excellence, public ser-
vice, and personal achievement. African-American alumni
who challenged the institution to confront the issues of
racial justice have extended their leadership into law, poli-
tics, medicine, education, and other fields.
We raise these individuals as shining emblems of
African-American excellence at Duke, but we also recog-
nize the greater importance of the collective spirit. The
Silent Vigil, the Allen Building Takeover, and the creation
of a Black Student Alliance demonstrate the importance of
group unity and solidarity. In many ways, the history of
African-American students at Duke has mirrored the
historv of African Americans in society at large.
This institution's record and its response to the struggles
for integration and inclusion also gives us moments of
pride, such as when we read Booker T. Washington's
statement in his classic autobiography, Up from Slavery, that
Trinity College was the first white institution in the South
to invite him to speak on campus, or when we recall the
fact that the students of the Divinity School petitioned tor
the admission of Negroes to the university as early as in
the 1940s.
Throughout 1993, we hosted a wide range of events de-
signed to promote exploration of issues important to
African Americans. We have celebrated the talents of
African-American academics, artists, musicians, poets, and
performers. We have created an academic context for the
discussion of race by developing a house course for under-
graduates. We have brought prominent speakers to cam-
pus to educate, inspire, and challenge both the Duke com-
munity and the larger community. Let us look upon the
thirtieth anniversary not merely as a self-congratulatory
event, but as an opportunity to pause — to evaluate the suc-
cesses and accomplishments of the past, and to envision
the future.
This publication is our attempt to provide a historical
record of the Thirtieth Anniversary Commemoration and
to begin to give voice to a story which demands to be told,
the history of African- American students at Duke Univer-
sity. We have tried to be as thorough as possible in our re-
search and presentation but acknowledge that much has
been left out. The history of African Americans at Duke is
far too rich in accomplishments, contributions, and strug-
gles to be included in this small booklet.
LEGACY, 1963-1993
**>
The work of administrators such as Deryl Hart, Barnes
Woodhall, Tommy Langford, and Taylor Cole, as well as
that of professors such as Peter Klopter, Fred Herzog,
Waldo Beach, and Harmon Smith contributed to
significant steps taken by this university toward integra-
tion. The fact that their numerous efforts go unmentioned
in this book should in no way suggest a slighting of their
spirit or work, but rather should illustrate the limitations of
a project such as this one.
We hope one day to undertake a project of much larger
scope, one that will allow for a more comprehensive analy-
sis of African-American participation at Duke. This com-
memorative summary of the first thirty years in which stu-
dents have been at Duke does not address the history and
struggles of the employees whose presence at Duke pre-
dates the admittance of the first black students and contin-
ues to have its own story.
£$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
A Letter from the President
NANNERL O. KEOHANE
It is good to have the opportunity to share in the commem-
oration of the first African-American students at Duke
University, and in the celebration of their achievements.
The call for civil rights in the early sixties presented a
clear challenge to the university's traditional mores, and an
even clearer appeal to the fundamental principles of truth
and service on which the university was founded. In taking
up that challenge and acknowledging the strength of that
appeal, we became a stronger institution, better prepared
for a position of leadership in the region, the country, and
the world. When the decision was made to welcome
African-American students, the university began to remove
the academic, social, and cultural barriers to success for
these students at Duke. As a result of this deliberate trans-
formation, the university became more intellectually vi-
brant, culturally diverse, and socially conscious.
From the Hope Valley Protest and the Allen Building
Takeover to the Black Faculty Initiative, the history of
African Americans on the Duke campus has been punctu-
ated by reminders that the struggle for justice is far from
complete. These events were a stimulus for many of the
university's most difficult, yet most necessary, changes.
In saluting the first thirty years of African-American
students at Duke University, we are challenged to build
upon a legacy of remarkable achievement. We celebrate
the triumph of those first students, many of whom remain
active, proud contributors to university life. Their
sacrifices, their accomplishments, their example of en-
durance, productivity, and allegiance to Duke, are price-
less gifts to this university.
As President, I join with everyone in the Duke commu-
nity' in commemorating the history launched by these pio-
neers, and accept the responsibility for continuing their
work. Together we can ensure that Duke University will
be a place where future generations of African Americans,
and indeed all students, will enjoy a rich, diverse, and chal-
lenging educational experience.
LEGACY, 1963-1993
**>
Thirtieth Anniversary Committee Statement
In 1992, then-Prudent H. Keith H. Brodlc charged a university committee to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary
of African-American students at Duke. One of the first tasks of this committee was to write a mission statement.
THIRTY YEARS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS
AT DUKE UNIVERSITY
The Board of Trustees of Duke University made the mo-
mentous decision to open its doors to the first African-
American graduate students in 1961 and to undergraduate
students in 1962, perhaps without knowing the far-reach-
ing impact that this decision would have in shaping the
history of the university. These decisions, in keeping with
Duke's vision to provide the best academic preparation for
the leaders of the future, acknowledged the changing fab-
ric of the cadre ot leaders who would take Duke and our
world to the threshold ot greatness. In opening its doors to
African Americans, Duke accepted its role as a leader in
the South as well as in the nation in forging an agenda lor
the pursuit of academic excellence, the tostering ol social
awareness, and the promotion ot diversity' in a multicul-
tural society.
The integration of the university has been no easier than
that ot society in general. The entrance of African-Ameri-
can students at Duke tested and shaped Duke's character
in all aspects ot university' lite — academics, student aftairs,
cultural diversity, political consciousness. The trustees' de-
cision to open Duke's doors to all students regardless of
race created an environment that confronts the formidable
challenge ot appropriate incorporation of diversity in all
aspects of university lite. Through thirty years of increas-
ing numbers of African-American students, Duke has
moved toward a university ethic that accepts the challenge
of bringing together students from multiple cultural back-
grounds and experiences tor further education and ad-
vancement ot knowledge. Duke has accepted the mandate
to prepare its students to live and work in a world where
the contributions of African Americans and other peoples
of color are acknowledged and celebrated.
We begin a yearlong commemoration of the thirty years
of African-American students at Duke University. In so
doing, we will celebrate the significant achievements of
African-American students, faculty, and employees and
their contributions to this university. We will address the
continuing challenges that lace Duke and other major in-
stitutions as they struggle to put into practice the concep-
tual ideal ot diversity. We will provide for the university a
lasting documentation of the history' of African Americans
at Duke and their accomplishments that enhanced Duke's
unique contributions to social and economic progress. We
will provide numerous opportunities tor all members ot the
university community to come together to celebrate the
significant achievements ot the first thirty years of black
students in all aspects of university life. We will reflect
upon our struggles both past and present, honor those who
made substantial sacrifices to insure that Duke will con-
tinue to be an open institution where diverse voices and
expressions will be tolerated and encouraged. We will con-
sider the challenges that the incorporation of African-
American students and other students of color present to
us as we face Duke's next century.
The first African-American students at Duke have pro-
vided us an enduring legacy of achievement through strug-
gle and challenge. Their legacy of pride will stay with us as
a blueprint tor generations to come.
<±S?
LEGACY. 1963-1993
Comments on the Thirtieth Year
Commemoration
H. KEITH H. BRODIE, M.D.
President of Duke University, 1985-93
James ft. Duke ProfeMor of Psychiatry
In 1993, for the first time,
Duke University officially
commemorated the his-
toric decision of our
trustees to open this acad-
emic community to all ap-
plicants regardless of race,
creed, or national origin.
In the fall of 1961 the first
African-American stu-
dents admitted tor gradu-
ate and professional edu-
cation at Duke were
welcomed to campus, and
in the fall of 1963, our
hrst African-American undergraduates arrived.
The special events scheduled throughout calendar year
1993 have served to remind us that these important steps
toward removing the barriers that have hindered persons
of color in our society tor generations were taken at Duke
only a generation ago. When I asked Dr. Leonard Beckum
to chair the Thirtieth Anniversary Committee, it was with
the hope that we might all take a lesson from the too-short
history of African-American students at Duke, a lesson
that social justice even in our own community can never be
taken for granted. I believe that Dr. Beckum and the com-
mittee have succeeded in doing more — in highlighting lor
us how our university and our nation are enriched and ex-
panded by African Americans in every area of endeavor.
MARY DUKE BIDDLE TRENT SEMANS
Chairman, Duke Endowment; Trustee Emerita
The thirtieth anniversary of African-American students at
Duke is indeed a date to celebrate. Our mood must be one
of "dancing in the streets." Duke took a required step on
the way to becoming a world-class institution, and integra-
tion made the university "whole." I firmly believe that the
founding family would be pleased.
LANEY M. FUNDERBURK, JR.
Associate Vice President, Department of
Alumni Affairs ana Development
The activities and publicity surrounding the thirtieth an-
niversary of the admission of African-American under-
graduate students to Duke University in 1963 provided a
wonderful outreach to African-American alumni. The Reg-
gie Howard Scholarship Dinner was my particular assign-
ment and I was pleased with the positive response to the
dinner and to the appeal for funds to support the Howard
Scholarship. The African-American alumni who attended
the Howard Dinner and met the Howard family and
Duke's senior administrative leadership were very im-
pressed with the university's commitment to them and to
the program. Other campus events planned by the commit-
tee recognized African-American alumni and their achieve-
ments and invited alumni to campus to celebrate their rela-
LEGACY, 1963-1993
SM>
tionship with Duke University. I believe this was the most
important outreach to African-American alumni during my
twelve-year tenure as director of alumni affairs, and the
most meaningful.
MAUREEN D. CULLINS, 76
Adjutant Vice President eSDean
It was a special honor to work with the committee that
planned the commemoration of thirty years of African- Amer-
ican students at Duke University. This past year's events
have brought into sharp relief the many changes that have
taken place for students of color and those things that have
yet to change. Duke was and continues to be a challenge to
those of us who appreciate the university's potential for sin-
cerely engaging the issues of race and race relations. As an
alumna of the class of 1976, I have seen the university from
both the perspective of an undergraduate student and that of
an administrator. The confluence of these perspectives gives
me confidence in the university's continued commitment to
enhancing the educational experiences for all students. It is
mv hope that the university will continue the dialogue begun
by the commemorative anniversary events and continue
Duke's tradition of excellence.
Thanks for the opportunity to comment on what I
thought was a great piece of work.
LISA BORDERS-MARBURY, 79, Prudent, DUBAC
JANICE G. WILLIAMS, 72, DUBAC Planning Committee
The thirtieth anniversary was a historical and unique event.
The opportunity to participate in this occasion was de facto
recognition of and appreciation for the contributions to
Duke's heritage by the African-American constituency. We
have consistently maintained that our talents, efforts and en-
ergies have been given as "a labor of love" tor the university.
Acknowledgment by our institution was both heartwarming
and exhilarating. We sincerely applaud and reciprocate the
of
embrace or our community!
BRENDA E. ARMSTRONG, 70
Addociate Profedsoroj Pediatrics
Unfinished business . . . That's what these past thirty years
are all about. Finishing what we started in 1963 when the
first African-American students crossed the threshold of
Duke University with the same hopes for a collegiate expe-
rience as their majority counterparts. As a member of the
third class of African Americans at Duke in 1966, I had no
idea that the experience that I embarked upon would dra-
matically change my life. I didn't know that it would set
my course, ignite (or unleash) such passion about the enti-
tlement of African Americans at Duke, and link my own
personal history so inextricably to this institution.
My undergraduate years at Duke, 1966—70, were turbu-
lent ones, personally and institutionally- Perhaps without
realizing the significant "culture clash" that the attempt at
integration would bring, Duke began the process of in-
creasing its numbers of African Americans, the first "un-
derrepresented" minority group at Duke University. What
followed in the matriculation of over one hundred African-
American students in that period were the predictable de-
velopments of a second world. The world of African-Amer-
ican students, who created a social, cultural, and political
base through which they moved, interfaced with and con-
fronted a hostile larger community at Duke. The emer-
gence of the African-American community, and the failure
to respond to the social, cultural, and political environment
that spawned its development, set in motion the events that
would lead to the most significant period of campus ac-
tivism in Duke's history. It provided the impetus for the
Hope Valley Study-In at Dr. Knight's office. It created
"Black Week," the yearly weeklong celebration of the
magnificence of Africa and African-American culture at
<±s?
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Duke. It was the inspiration tor the Silent Vigil that united
many seemingly disparate yet impassioned voices for un-
derprivileged people at multiple levels of the university hi-
erarchy. It was the voice of all the pain that we experi-
enced at the death ol Martin Luther King; and it was the
genius that seized the momentum from Black Week 1969
to bring Duke's African-American community together as
one to make a stand at Allen Building on February 13,
1969, a stand that would change the course of Duke's des-
tiny and indelibly mark our place tor all time in this institu-
tion s history.
JON J. PHELPS
Director, AMOciate Vice Prejwent for Student Affairs
As some of us realized at the time, the civil rights revolution
of the 1960s was the most important sociological transfor-
mation in America since the Civil War — or perhaps ever.
Thank God there were leaders like Mary Semans and Jack
Preiss and Peter Klopfer and Dan Tosteson and Harmon
Smith and Ned Opton and Paul Hardin and Sam Cook and
Brenda Armstrong and Ben Ruffin and Frank Ashmore and
Bill Turner and so many others, who made sure that Duke
University stayed abreast of those crucial times. And thank
God again for this archival history of our proudest period —
the first time that we helped lead the rest of the world into a
whole new era.
LEGACY, 1963-1993
9X>
Chapter 1
History of Integration
A Timeline of Key Events
1961
• March 8, 1961. The board of trustees announces that
students will be admitted to the university graduate and
professional schools without regard to race, creed, or na-
tional origin.
• September 1961. Ruben Lee Speakes is the first Afriean-
Amencan student to enroll in classes in the Divinity
School; Speakes is admitted as a special student, as he has
already received a divinity degree elsewhere.
• September 1961. Walter Thaniel Johnson, Jr., and
David Robinson are the first African-American students to
enroll in the Law School.
1962
• September 1962. Matthew A. Zimmerman and Donald
Ballard are the first two African-American students to en-
roll in the Divinity School as official degree candidates;
James Eaton, Ida Stephens Owens (Physiology Ph.D.
'67), and Odell Richardson Reuben (Theology Ph.D. '69)
are the first African-American students to enroll in the
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
• June 2, 1962. The board of trustees announces that un-
dergraduate students will be admitted without regard to
race.
1963
• September 1963. Five African- American undergraduates
enter as first vear students: Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke,
Mary Mitchell Harris, Gene Kendall, Cassandra Smith
Rush, and Nathaniel White, Jr.
• September 1963. Delano Merriwether is the first African
American to enroll in the School of Medicine.
• Academic year 1963-64. Mary Mitchell Harris is the first
African-American student on the dean's list.
1964
• April 12, 1964. Samuel D. Proctor is the first African
American to preach at Duke Chapel.
• November 17, 1964. Dr. Martin Luther King addresses
the university community at Page Auditorium.
1966
• Dr. Samuel DuBois Cook becomes Duke University's
first African-American faculty member. He enters the po-
litical science department as a visiting professor and subse-
quently is appointed a full professor.
Integration ^> 1 3
1967
• Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke is the first African-American
May Queen.
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l«ol. Slot*. Spoit*,
Mori efi. Cloiul*J & toJ.o
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Bypass Opponents Say Vote
One Way To Alter Proposal
Group Adopts Name, Storts Petitions Drive
• Bishop Philip R. Cousin becomes the hrst Arrican-Amer-
lcan faculty member at the Divinity School.
• Mary Mitchell Harris, Nathaniel White, Jr., and Wil-
helmina Reuben-Cooke receive their undergraduate de-
grees, as the first African- American Duke students to do so.
• Academic year 1967—68. C. B. Claiborne, '69, is the first
African-American member of the Duke University basket-
ball team.
• Hope Valley Study-In, November 13, 1967. Thirty-five
members of the Afro-American Society stage a daylong
study-in protest in the lobby of President Knight's office,
denouncing the use of segregated facilities by university
organizations, and the membership of key university
officers, including President Knight, in the segregated
Hope Valley Country Club.
1968
• The Afro-American Society is established as the first
black student association. Later, the name of the organiza-
tion is to change first to Association of African Students
and then, in 1976, to Black Student Alliance.
• A Silent Vigil, April 5—11, 1968. Following a memorial
service for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., one day after his
assassination, hundreds
of students — black and
white — gathered in the
quad to protest Duke's
discriminatory policies.
The primary issues that
emerged were union-
ization, wages, and
working conditions of
the maids, janitors, and
dining hall workers. By
the time the vigil ended
on April 11, an agree-
ment was reached for
increases in salary for
the workers.
14 $4) LEGACY, 1963-1993
• October 1968. African- American students present the
administration with twelve points of concern. Concerns in-
clude black enrollment levels, the low number of black fac-
ultv members, and the continuing membership of key uni-
versity officials in segregated facilities.
1969
• Black Week speakers include poet Carl Wayne Carter,
Jr., local black community leader and organizer Howard
Fuller, activists Dick Gregory and Fannie Lou Hamer, at-
torney Maynard Jackson, author LeRoi Jones, activist
Ben Rulfin, actress K. Eleanor Rux, and historian James
Turner.
• Allen Building Takeover, February 13, 1969. Sixty
members ol the Afro-American Society occupy the Allen
Building lor eight hours and present the university' admin-
istration with a list ol demands. Some seventy Durham city
policemen, twenty-five highway patrolmen, and twelve
Durham County sheriff's deputies were on campus making
arrests and using tear gas, with National Guard troops on
standby off-campus.
• Black Studies Program is instituted at Duke after much
discussion and delay. Walter Burford is to be named pro-
gram head in 1970.
• Office of Black Affairs is established. Later, its name is
to change to Office of Minority Affairs, and, in 1993, to
Office of Intercultural Altairs.
1974
• The university's first predominantly black fraternity, the
Omega Zeta chapter of Omega Psi Phi, is founded. One
year later, the university gives the fraternitv housing in
Wannamaker IV.
• Delta Sigma Theta is established at Duke as the first rec-
ognized black sorority.
• Alpha Kappa Alpha is established at Duke.
1975
• Alpha Phi Alpha is established at Duke.
• September 24, 1975. One hundred students protest and
present the administration with grievances and demands
for action toward amelioration of these conditions. Their
priorities include departmentalization of the Black Studies
Program and increasing the number of black faculty' teach-
ing black studies courses.
1976
• September 1976. The Association of African Students
is renamed the Black Student Alliance, giving the group a
stronger political mission. The BSA communicates the
needs of black students to university administration and to
the entire Duke student body-
Integration ty£ 1 5
• Reginaldo Howard becomes the first African American
elected to the position of ASDU President. He is killed in an
automobile accident before the beginning of his term, and
the Reginaldo Howard Scholarship is established in his
honor. A $l,000-per-year stipend tor four years is awarded
annually to ten matriculating African-American students.
The scholarship is supported by Duke's general operating
funds.
„=>day, February 16, 1984
BLACI
STAFF PHOTO
Reginaldo Howard, the first black elected ASDU presi-
dent, died before tils term began.
Scholarship has
improved fiiture
By BRENDAN DALY
The Reginaldo Howard Scholarship, Duke's only ment-
based financial award exclusively for black students, will
raise more than the the minimum $25,000 needed to re-
tain an endowed scholarship at Duke, according to Univer-
sity officials.
Since its inception in 1976, the scholarship - a four-year,
$l,000-per-year stipend offered to 10 matriculating black
students each year - has been supported by Duke's general
operating funds. The general funds will continue to pay
for the scholarship until its endowment reaches the level
needed for self-sufficiency, according to Myma Jackson,
special gift officer of the University development office
The scholarship will be completed," Jackson said. "There
really is no deadline tto raise the money]. The University
requires a scholarship to have $25,000 within 10 years
ofl-Q- tha "-^In^hm ia fi ret a nrl n u)»H hut T think thfV
1978
• Kim Matthews becomes Duke's first black female athlete
when she joins the women's basketball team.
1979
• Iota Xi Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity Inc. is
founded at Duke.
• Benjamin Chavis is admitted to the Divinity School
while serving the fourth year of a jail term following his
controversial conviction in the Wilmington 10 firebombing
case. The conviction is to be overturned bv a federal court
of appeals in 1980. He recalled being brought to Duke bv
prison officials in leg chains and doing classwork in Greek
and New Testament while in detention in a Hillsborough
facility. Prison rules dictated that all lights go out at 10
p.m. This meant that Chavis would have to move his stud-
ies to the bathroom, the only lighted place after curfew.
Chavis received his master's degree from Duke in 1980 and
went on to get a Ph.D. in Theology from Howard University.
1982
• Duke University Black Alumni Connection (DUBAC) is
created as an affinity alumni group of the larger Duke
Alumni Association.
1983
• The Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture is es-
tablished. The center is named for jazz musician Mary Lou
Williams, who had been a popular artist-in-residence on
campus for several years.
1986
• On May 3, 1986, the board of trustees votes to divest
Duke's investments in South Africa.
16
4*
LEGACY, 1963-1993
1988
• April 21, 1988. The Academic Council passes a resolu-
tion to adopt the Black Faculty Initiative, to mandate the
hiring ol more black faculty in each department.
• Duke receives a $500,000 anonymous grant lor minority
scholarships, provided that the funds are matched by
Duke over the next five years.
• October 24, 1988. The Graduate School sponsors the
Black on White Symposium to address racism in education
in general; there is a special locus on racism at Duke.
1989
• Ashanti, a support group tor Duke women of color, is estab-
lished to promote unity among women of color on campus.
• Julian Abele Outstanding Achievement Award is estab-
lished for professional students and faculty.
1990
• The Black Male Support Group is established lor
African-American males on Duke campus. This group was
founded by Art Williams, '90, though it became opera-
tional alter he graduated.
• Leonard C. Beckum is hired as the first African-Ameri-
can officer of the university, and is given the title universi-
ty vice president and vice provost.
1991
• Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday is designated by Presi-
dent H. Keith H. Brodie as an official holiday for the uni-
versity and medical center, effective January 1992.
• Janet Smith Dickerson is hired as the first woman and
first African-American vice president of student affairs.
• A portrait of Julian F. Abele is hung in the Allen Build-
ing. He was the chief architect of the Duke campus, but
his black identity was not commonly known until 1988.
1992
• Thirtieth Anniversary Committee is established by President
H. Keith H. Brodie to oversee the commemoration of thirty
years of African- American students at Duke University.
1993
• Alpha Phi Alpha becomes the first black fraternity to re-
ceive housing on West Campus.
• Spectrum House is established as a multicultural dorm
on West Campus for students who express an interest in
celebrating the various backgrounds, races, and ethnicities
of the university community.
• Throughout the year commemorative events celebrate thir-
ty years of African-American students at Duke University.
Integration ty£)
17
A Brief History of Duke University
Duke University was created in 1924 by James Buchanan
Duke as a memorial to his father, Washington Duke. The
Dukes, a Durham family who built a worldwide financial
empire in the manufacture ot tobacco and developed the
production of electricity in the two Carolinas, long had
been interested in Trinity College. Trinity traced its roots
to 1838 in nearby Randolph County when local Methodist
and Quaker communities joined forces to support a perma-
nent school, which they named Union Institute. After a
brief period as Normal College (1851-59), the school
changed its name to Trinity College in 1859 and affiliated
with the Methodist Church. The college moved to Durham
in 1892 with financial assistance from Washington Duke
and the donation of land by Julian S. Carr. In December
1924, the trustees gratefully accepted the provisions of
James B. Duke's indenture creating the family philan-
thropic foundation, The Duke Endowment, which provid-
ed, in part, for the expansion of Trinity College into Duke
University.
As a result of the Duke gift, Trinity underwent both
physical and academic expansion. The original Durham
campus became known as East Campus when it was re-
built in stately Georgian architecture. West Campus,
Gothic in style and dominated by the soaring 210-foot
tower of Duke Chapel, opened in 1930. East Campus
served as home of the Woman's College of Duke Universi-
ty until 1972, when the men's and women's undergraduate
colleges merged. Since then, both the men and women un-
dergraduates have attended Trinity College of Arts and
Sciences and the School of Engineering.
Academic expansion of the university included the es-
tablishment of new graduate and professional schools. The
first B.D. degree was awarded in 1927, the first Ph.D. in
1929 and the first M.D. in 1932. The School of Law,
founded in 1904, was reorganized in 1930 and given its
own building on West Campus. The business school was
founded in 1969 and named the Fuqua School of Business
in 1980.
Modern times have seen Duke realize its founders aspi-
rations to become a major center of learning. The Duke
University Aledical Center has achieved international
prominence, and many Duke schools and departments are
consistently ranked among the nation's best. The university
frequently wins attention for its research achievements and
academic innovations, and its faculty often is called upon to
provide leaders for national and international academic and
professional organizations. Duke continues to work to
honor its founder's charge to attain "a place of real leader-
ship in the educational world" and "to uplift mankind ... to
develop our resources, increase our wisdom and promote
human happiness."
18
<±S?
LEGACY. 1963-1993
A Look to the Pajt
JACK J. PREISS
Profudor Emtritui of Sociology
Having been through and survived the thirty years at
Duke covered by the legacy, I feel it is appropriate to take
stock of its substance. What is the bequest of the past and
what does it portend?
Unquestionably, the legal and ethical pivot of the na-
tional struggle for racial equality was the 1954 Supreme
Court decision that separate public educational facilities
based upon race were inherently unequal. The ensuing
years were to play out the ways in which this educational
focus could be extended to other significant dimensions of
life such as housing, economic opportunity, and employ-
ment. When I arrived at Duke in 1959, many faculty, ad-
ministrators, and students felt that as a private university
Duke should be exempt from the legal directives of the
1954 decision. The excerpt from the president's report
quoted here [on page 22] reflects the ambiguity that exist-
ed on campus. Consequently, it was to take eight years of
discussion, debate, and research to produce the 1961—62
trustee resolutions integrating the student body.
As a member of one of the self-appointed committees that
produced the report on racial segregation and the faculty
resolution to the board of trustees [see section "Policy
Changes"], I can revisit that report and make a brief assess-
ment of how far Duke has come in meeting its challenges.
From a pragmatic standpoint, it was clear that once the
student body was desegregated few of the exclusionary
policies and practices on campus and the Medical Center
could survive. But the elimination of some of these prac-
tices took longer than they should have and some, such as
hiring and promotion procedures governing nonacademic
employees, have been and still are difficult to pinpoint and
dislodge.
The appearance of black undergraduates in 1963 ac-
complished the first major phase of desegregation at the
university. Their numbers increased slowly, as was to be
expected, due to the limitations of hardbound tradition and
the necessity of strong financial support.
By 1968 there were enough black students to create a
visible organized presence. Thus began a long and continu-
ing struggle to maintain a racial identity in a structure and
atmosphere which ostensibly attempted to eliminate racial
differences. Although the students sought to remove barri-
ers to functional equality, they also wished to maintain a
social and cultural cohesion as a black entity. Pressure to
increase the number of black students and faculty, and to
develop a black studies program have been ongoing agen-
das to the present.
The black presence in most academic and professional
areas of the university, including administration, has ex-
panded, but the position of blacks in the nonacademic cate-
Integration <^> 1 9
gories has shown less improvement. The university has
maintained a consistent negative response to attempts, par-
ticularly in the Medical Center, to unionize nonacademic
employees. While such unions do exist, primarily Local 77
on the academic campus, they have had a difficult time
bargaining with the administration, and there is meager job
security in place. Since most ot the lower paying jobs are
held by blacks, labor relations at this level have had a
strong racial component.
It can be said that the general state of racial relations on
the campus has been relatively quiescent in recent years —
certainly compared with the turbulence and high drama of
the 60s and 70s. I believe we are now in a period of institu-
tionalization and, in some areas, of regression. The Duke
campus, in microcosm, reflects a national mood of contusion
and a less progressive stance on racial matters. There also
appears to be growing division within the total black com-
munity' itself, based more upon socioeconomic differences
than racial identity, per se. The university administration is
now experienced in dealing with racial issues and seems ca-
pable of early prevention ot potential confrontations. Join-
ing their white counterparts, many black students appear
more focused on the self rather than upon the group as com-
pared with their predecessors. Given the current amalgam,
it is difficult to foresee any major movement or cause which
might energize the campus in the near term.
One interesting aspect of this scene is that the racial
spectrum has become more complex over the past decade.
Whereas the black-white dimension was the only
significant focus ot race relations at Duke (and throughout
the country) thirty years ago, there are now at least two
other minorities which share the scene. Substantial num-
bers ot Asian-American and Latin-American students are
beginning to make their voices heard. They appear to be
going through the same kinds of organizational steps
charted earlier by African Americans, though so far with
considerably less turmoil. Perhaps, from here on, the rela-
tionship among the several minority racial groups — black,
yellow, Indian, etc. — will be as important as their individ-
ual and possibly collective interaction with the decreasing
white majority.
A crucial question is whether the current group of ad-
vantaged minority students, faculty, and administrators at
Duke and elsewhere will shoulder the leadership responsi-
bility' and the commitment to assist the struggles of their
racial brethren who constitute the majority of the socioeco-
nomic underclass in this country'. This would have to be
done in a backlash of conservatism and retrenchment which
seems to be increasing nationwide. The jury is still out on
that challenge.
20 dyf LEGACY, 1963-1993
Policy Changes
May 26, 1950
I am a Negro, a veteran and would desire to attend as a day student. Further, I am employed at A & T
College, Greensboro, N.C., and with a family I find it increasingly difficult to get too far away from home,
hence it would be a decided advantage to get the training that I desire in the state.
— Virgil C. Stroud, an applicant to Duke University
May 30, 1950
Replying to your letter of May 26, you perhaps are familiar with the past history of Duke University and
its policy concerning requests similar to yours. There has been no change in policy.
— A. Hollis Edens, President of Duke University
May 17, 1954
Brown v. Board 01 Education
We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place.
Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
-Chief Justice Earl Warren, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Integration ^> 2 1
November 10, 1955
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT [EDENS] TO THE FACULTY, Nov. 10, 1955
(Minutes of the Univ. Faculty, Nov 10, 1955-June 3, 1960, page 7)
SEGREGATION
I should like to pause here and mention only briefly the question of segregation, or desegregation it you
wish, as it affects Duke University, I know many of you are concerned about this question both as its
national and sectional implications as well as to its effect upon Duke University. As you well know,
there are no regulations in the Charter or By-Laws of the University' concerning this matter. These
have not been necessary or desirable because until recently the laws ol the state were controlling. Now
the Supreme Court's ruling does not appear to have affected the status of privately supported institu-
tions. What the future will be in this respect no one knows. It would be inappropriate and even foolish
for me to argue the question here. The fact remains, however, that at present Duke University and simi-
lar institutions have discretionary power to admit negroes or not to admit them. This poses the problem
with which many of you are concerned. The web of opinions, emotions and convictions is complicated,
and there is no easy answer. At least this is the opinion of members of the Board of Trustees. To say
that this question and related questions are constantly under discussion and review would be to state
the obvious, it seems to me. It is also equally obvious that no change has been made in the traditional
policy of Duke University'.
There are many fringe areas of this problem which confront us daily. They have to do with contact
between the races in academic, religious and cultural activities, and there is no clear guide tor action.
Therefore, we must act in this area with good judgment as we can in each situation, remembering to
take into consideration the spirit in which each incident is presented and bearing it will have upon the
larger problem. I cannot promise you a comfortable year in dealing with these terribly important mat-
ters. I can only promise you my best effort to act with good judgment for the long-range good of the
University.
22 cff? LEGACY, 1963-1993
Lecember 19, 1958
f oac^ad Sett ion
Th" nivi.gi.ty Oshcol. [>n
The- follcwini; iBtter will :o fonnrde*) -.o Prnldent Edens prior to the re.r.lar
February pectins of tho Duke Univara.ty Hoard of Tr-wtoio. Jhilc It <<c;s net neses-
wrU," reflect the opinion of tho [Hvinity SchcoJ Stititnnt Body, it <lo<!3 cxDrass il-j.rrly
the conviction,.* of its signers and al tfi« MMbara 3.' th»i Kditcriai 3ocri cf ;tes t>i>-iae .
ATter tho Chr-s-iua* venation all ikm^ps of the St.aert go^i' »tll tx.* tivu". *n opportu-
nity to si^n '-his latter o«»fore it ie svrit.
TO TKE TZISTfifii CP DUICF. UNIVEflSlP:
Dear Sirs:
Cr.ce Again as tha season of fcooCl will ^jpTOAohac, M l"*al Ssund in con-
science to express to you our lasp concern *nd parplxtlty over ihe raci*l$y
rwttnrtive aCmisnic-r.* policy o- tho Divinity ichocl. Ufl foci UitJ poilC? to
he »t odde with tho faith we shall bo prccUunin^ this C'nris- ts« - i:>d throurh-
«it -.he r«*r. .18 *non it is at odds v,ith tho stated eiita of the Methodist
Church In whicl-t must of ue serve end with thene of ".he two Annu&i. CouCuronuc*.
u «h.ch moat of us ^lll pursue cur vacation, «• have tsld you In Ihe rsr.st of
th« anruiah of spirit it caui.ee us ta be rsconvs ending tc cur people a ft cf
values vihicn i; not Accented &y the r.reat and prosrs^siv; university of which
*« arc raemhers.
Once egfrin *« ask you respectfully Lc oenslder this «X6cr cXrcsh. It is
not n«:3ssary sitae *c robuario »cftto those caiulderatiuns "hich r.t fc*i'« pi'o-
noe^d to yci; in previous y **!'«.. 7hu case h« bioo st*-ed 1-. rcnre ther enough
cat:.!!. 8ut »e a<rk ycj to note that ncre of the e.r^,i:**.its Uwt hi.-* beef) e£-
vanced far liberalising policy loses it; fo.-ca *lth tft« cassa,^ oi li.'iic. Ui
tho. contrary, they E rc*» raorc urgon? as morv and nora of ?ur crasuftiiiu* fc*,Rin
to feel tha pressure of tile profclc.T en tha locil level 0!VJ !•»-< to th<: gTW-t
irfittttt-.one like Duke for tlia wtsa leadership liay have aatfi to exjwet.
iVa ask you _f *.he titse hos not uama to a-liiit quai-irie- iloSTCCS to tiu Zi-
vinlty School. «e aak yo-j, as »*r dii last ytar, for a chance to «is«iij« t.-»;s
Kilh the- ^i»tara of ycur Ctvudttcn «n U)9 Divinity fcliool. *nc BlK(tjr4 ■*■ *>V
that your prayerful concern b* given to the and that every polio -"-ni practice
of our 1 univernitj rrk-y b« worttiy of t-i« foLth sr-.i. the Ci-urch tc .'hl;li ..*■ ar«
alitsd.
n«ffr>octfully yours,
..ll.ii- Lare
r*r*siCer>t nf tSe i-^:^:.i "in:^"
.-?p:es .". Lri.'w'cci
ChiLrsan of th« 5oci_l action
RESPONSE
Special Edition, The Divinity School, Durham, North
Carolina, December 19, 1958
The following letter will be forwarded to President Edens
prior to the regular February meeting of the Duke Univer-
sity Board of Trustees. While it does not necessarily reflect
the opinion of the Divinity School Student Body, it does
express clearly the convictions of its signers and of the
members of the Editorial Board of Response. After the
Christmas vacation all members of the Student Body will
be given an opportunity to sign this letter before it is sent.
TO THE TRUSTEES OF DUKE UNIVERSITY
Dear Sirs:
Once again as the season of good will approaches, we feel
bound in conscience to express to you our deep concern
and perplexity over the racially restrictive admissions poli-
cy of the Divinity School. We feel this policy to be at odds
with the faith we shall be proclaiming this Christmas and
throughout the year. We know it is at odds with the stated
aims of the Methodist Church in which most of us serve
and with those of the two Annual Conferences in which
most of us will pursue our vocation. We have told you in
the past of the anguish of spirit it causes us to be recom-
mending to our people a set of values which is not accepted
by the great and progressive university' of which we are
members.
Once again we ask you respectfully to consider this
matter afresh. It is not necessary that we rehearse again
those considerations which we have proposed to you in the
previous years. The case has been stated in more than
enough detail. But we ask you to note that none of the ar-
guments that have been advanced for liberalizing policy
loses its force with the passage of time. On the contrary,
they grow more urgent as more and more of our communi-
ties begin to feel the pressure of the problem in the local
level and look to the great institutions like Duke for the
wise leadership they have come to expect.
We ask you if the time has not come to admit qualified
Negroes to the Divinity School. We ask you, as we did last
year, for a chance to discuss this with the members of your
Committee on the Divinity School. And always we ask that
your prayerful concern be given to the end that every poli-
cy and practice of our university may be worthy of the
faith and the Church to which we are allied.
Respectfully yours,
William Lane, Pres. Student Body
James W. Lavengood, Chair, Social Action Committee
R. Web Leonard, Editor of Response
Integration ^> 23
DUKE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES RESOLUTIONS
Liarch 8, 1961
RESOLVED that qualified applicants may be admitted to degree programs in the Graduate and
Professional Schools in Duke University, effective September 1, 1961, without regard to race, creed or
national origin.
June 2, 1962
RESOLVED that qualified applicants may be admitted to degree programs in the undergraduate
colleges of Duke University without regard to race, creed or national origin.
24 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993
May 1962
The following document, sent to the faculty with a cover Liter from
■lack ./. Preiss, /.> from the J hike University Archived. It is the hr.'t
document describing the resolution to admit African -American un-
dergraduates t(< Duke University.
Dear Faculty Member:
The attached report concerning racial segregation at Duke
University makes it clear that the area of undergraduate
admissions is crucial lor basic change in current policies.
At an open meeting ol the University community on
May 4, 1962 a motion was adopted to present a resolution
to the whole Faculty supporting the recent action of the
Undergraduate Faculty Council. No concrete evidence ot
overall faculty expression is now on record. It is believed
that such expression can contribute to the achievement ol a
desegregated University.
Accordingly, the following resolution will be presented
at the next faculty meeting, June 1, 1962.
"Resolved: That the faculty of Duke University here-
with endorses the resolution adopted by the Undergradu-
ate Faculty Council April 12, 1962 recommending that at
the earliest practicable date qualified applicants may be ad-
mitted to degree programs in the undergraduate colleges of
Duke University without regard to race, creed or national
origin. That a copy of the supporting resolution be sent to
the President of the University with the request that it be
forwarded to the Board of Trustees."
You are strongly urged to attend the faculty meeting in
person and to support this faculty resolution. However, if you
are unable to attend this meeting, and wish to register your
support, please sign below and send as soon as possible to:
Jack J. Preiss
Department of Sociology and Anthropologv
I will be unable to attend the June 1st faculty meeting and
wish to register my approval of the resolution presented
above.
Signed: ,
w
^1>K7.
'fL.
Dear Faculty Member:
The attached report concerning racial segregation at Duke Uni-
versity makes it clear that the area of undergraduate admissions is
crucial for basic change in current policies.
At an open meeting of the University community on May 4, 1962
a motion was adopted to present a resolution to the whole faculty
supporting the recent action of the Undergraduate Faculty Council.
No concrete evidence of over-all faculty expression is now on rec-
ord. It is believed that such expression can contribute to the
achievement of a desegregated University.
Accordingly, the following resolution will be presented at the
next faculty meeting, June 1, 1962.
That the faculty of Duke University herewith
endorses the resolution adopted by the Under-
graduate Faculty Council April 12, 1962 rec-
ommending that 'at the earliest practicable
date qualified applicants may be admitted to
degree programs in the undergraduate colleges
of Luke University without regard to race.,
creed or national origin.'
That a copy of the supporting; resolution
be sent to the President of the University
with the request that it be forwarded to the
Board of Trustees."
You are strongly urged to attend the faculty meeting in person
and to support this faculty resolution. However, if you are unable
to attend this meeting, and wish to register your support, please
sign below and send aB soon as possible to:
Jack J. Preiss
Department of Sociology and
Anthropology
I will be unable to attend the June 1st fac-
ulty meeting and wish to register my approval
of the resolution presented above.
Integration %%>
25
The following is the text of the report thai Dr. Preiss dent to the
ideally in late J lay 1 962, to urge the faculty member,' to vote for
the resolution to begin admitting black undergraduates to Duke
University on June I, 1962.
INTRODUCTION
The following report is a highly condensed summary of
what is belie\ed to be the first comprehensiye survey of
racial segregation at Duke University.
The report points out specific areas in which segrega-
tion exists, and indicates the relationships among these
areas in terms of policy changes. At the same time, the pos-
itive aspect ot the report, particularly opportunities tor
non-faculty employment, is encouraging. Clearly, existing
opportunities are not being utilized. This may be due to
habit or lack ot knowledge of what can be done under ex-
isting policies.
Although this summary does not make action sugges-
tions, it is obvious that such suggestions are necessary.
These may range trom simple administrative action in local
areas (removal of restrictive signs on rest rooms) to rather
complex stage processes (integrating hospital wards). The
next task is to get some objectives and to achieve them
with the resources and channels at hand in the University
community. A united ettort by all concerned would cer-
tainly contribute to the complete and permanent removal
of racial segregation as an instrument ot policy at Duke
University.
CAMPUS ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES
Statutory Factor,'
1. There are no statutes restricting use of University facili-
ties and attendance at programs and public events on racial
grounds.
Responsible Group.' and Persons
1. The several directors and managers of the physical plant
facilities, the dining halls, athletics and the Superintendent
of the hospital are responsible for use patterns at their re-
spective facilities.
2. It is likely that the President and the Board of Trustees
would review any major proposed policy changes, particu-
larly in relation to East Campus.
Present Policies
1. Use of West Campus facilities, including Page, Chapel,
and dining rooms, is apparently free from racial discrimi-
nation.
2. A sign labeled "Colored Entrance" indicates a section
for Negroes at the outdoor stadium:
a) This section is in a poor location.
b) Negroes with tickets may sit wherever the ticket ap-
plies, although there is some question whether Negroes
would be sold tickets at the Stadium in other than the
Negro section.
3. Use of East Campus facilities is restricted by designating
some areas as "public" and some as "private."
a) "Public" buildings, such as the Auditorium, can be used
on an integrated basis.
b) "Private" buildings, such as the Union and dormitory
dining halls do not permit use by the Negroes.
c) Faculty members with Negro guests may be served
meals in a special dining room.
d) It is believed that the Board of Trustees has specified
this restriction on use of facilities to East Campus officials.
A. In the hospital there are several areas where racial dis-
crimination functions:
a) One employee lounge and several restrooms in outpa-
tient clinics are segregated.
b) Negro employees occupationally eligible to use the pro-
fessional cafeteria do not eat there.
c) Negroes attempting to sit in the main lobby are asked to
move to a smaller, less attractive area.
26 cS? LEGACY, 1963-1993
d) Hospital wards are segregated.
e) The main hospital Christmas parties are segregated, al-
though some departmental parties are not.
Policy Change* Contemplated by Official)
1. No plans were mentioned as in process or imminent, al-
though some restrooms in Bell Bldg and the hospital have
been desegregated this past year.
Assessment
1. Although West Campus is quite tree of segregation, Ne-
groes have not used these facilities to any extent.
2. The Negro section at the outdoor Stadium is predicated
on the assumption that Negroes prefer to sit together and
that such separation avoids "incidents." No such prefer-
ences or "incidents" could be documented.
3. The distinction between "public" and "private" cate-
gories on East Campus seems aimed primarily at race,
since unauthorized white persons use these dining facilities
regularly without challenge.
4. The major hospital issue centers around patient integra-
tion on the wards, particularly in terms of the economic
consequences.
a) Other areas of segregation could be eliminated in simple
fashion within the hospital administrative structure.
EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
Statutory Factors
1. There are no statutes restricting employment of persons
by the University on racial grounds.
Responsible Group.' anJ Persons
1. The President and Board of Trustees have authority to
control policy and to review any faculty appointment.
2. Non-facultv appointments can be controlled by the Ad-
ministrative Committee of the University;
a) Hiring may be done at the department level and by unit
heads in areas such as dining halls, building maintenance
and the library.
b) Most appointments are made in cooperation with Uni-
versity and hospital personnel office.
Prc.icnl Policies
1. In general, there is no stated policy precluding appoint-
ment to faculty and non-faculty positions on racial
grounds.
a) However, since Negroes are not now admitted to under-
graduate college, it is unlikely that a Negro faculty mem-
ber would be approved.
b) Hiring a Negro to a non-teaching faculty position is
possible, although no policy decision has been requested to
date.
c) There would be no objection to hiring Negroes to non-
facultv positions throughout the University.
2. The hospital and dining halls employ considerable num-
ber of Negroes, a few in supervisors' positions with white
subordinates.
3. The library hires no Negroes in deference to "custom.
4. At the present time, no Negroes hold clerical jobs falling
under the jurisdiction of the University personnel office;
a) Apparently this is due to lack of applicants who can
qualify, although qualified Negroes would be recommend-
ed only if department heads or supervisors gave prior indi-
cation that a Negro would be considered.
Policy Channel Contemplated by Officials
1. No policy changes are being considered at the present
time.
Assessment
1. There is considerable opportunity for employment of
Negroes in non-faculty positions, although this opportuni-
ty is largely unused.
2. Administrators in areas where no Negroes are currently
employed might well note the success of those areas where
Integration ^> 27
integrated employment is now functioning.
3. The policy against faculty integration is unlikely to be
changed as long as Negroes are not admitted as under-
graduates.
HOUSING
Statutory Factors
1. In the deeds of lots sold by the Uniyersity to faculty and
staff there is a covenant which prohibits sale, lease, or
rental of conveyed land and premises to Negroes.
a) The United States Supreme Court has declared public
enforcement of such covenants to be unconstitutional,
b. Changes in deeds require a referendum among lot own-
ers and approval by the Board of Trustees.
2. There is no statute restricting student University' hous-
ing with regard to race.
Responsible Groups and Persons
1. The Board of Trustees has control of the handling and
disposition of University' property.
2. The Administrative Committee of the University' and/or
the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees can
take policy action (including denial of requests) prior to
submission to the full Board.
3. Policy on University- student housing can be set by the
President and appropriate Vice Presidents and Deans.
Present Policies
1. The restrictive covenant on University- deeds is retained.
a) Several attempts by a group of lot owners to have the
covenant removed have been unsuccessful.
b) The University Council has decided it has no jurisdic-
tion in the matter.
c) The University has, in several instances, waived the
covenant to allow a purchaser to qualify' for a FHA loan.
2. On West campus, there is no racial restriction on Negro
guests and visitors in student housing areas.
3. On East campus, the designation of dormitories as "pri-
vate' areas bars Negroes as visitors and guests,
a) Violations of this policy would be followed up by East
Campus officials in terms of informing violators and invok-
ing higher administrative channels it necessary.
Policy Changes Contemplated by Officials
1. No policy changes in either faculty- or student housing
areas are now being considered.
Assessment
1 . The legal situation with regard to faculty- lot areas is am-
biguous, although it would appear that any violations of
the racial covenant could not be prevented.
a) In view of the legal situation, the Board of Trustees may
decide to eliminate the covenant from deeds in future de-
velopments.
2. As in the faculty employment situation, changes in the
student housing policies will be necessary- upon admission
of Negroes to the undergraduate colleges.
ADMISSIONS
Statutory Factors
1. There are no statutes which restrict student admission to
the University at any level on racial grounds.
Responsible Groups and Persons
1 . The Board of Trustees sets policy in this area.
2. The President of the University-, upon request of groups
and individuals, may at his discretion request policy action
by the Board.
3. Implementation of admission policies is: Graduate, Dean
and Assistant Dean; Undergraduate, Registrar and Direc-
tors of Admissions.
Present Policies
1 . A policy action to admit students to all Graduate
Schools without regard to race was instituted in 1961.
28 <^r? LEGACY, 1963-1993
a) At present there are Negro students in the Law School
and the Divinity School.
2. Negroes are not now permitted to enroll in the Under-
graduate Colleges.
Policy Changes Contemplated by Official)
1. Several officials interviewed believed policy changes
were "inevitable" but disclosed no plans tor making such
changes.
2. On April 12th, the Undergraduate Faculty Council re-
quested the President to transmit to the Board of Trustees
a resolution calling tor elimination of racial restrictions on
undergraduate admissions.
a) At the moment, the President s decision on the request
is not known.
AMCMment
1. The late and effect of the Undergraduate Faculty Coun-
cil resolution cannot be determined at this time.
a) It may be that further demonstration ot faculty support
and interest will be necessary.
2. It is clear that area ot admissions is the keystone for pol-
icv changes in other areas.
a) Without a change in admissions policy on the under-
graduate level, only limited changes could be achieved in
housing and use ot facilities, particularly on East Campus,
and in faculty hiring.
1988
ACADEMIC COUNCIL RESOLUTION
ON THE RECRUITMENT OF BLACK FACULTY
Excerpt
Whereas blacks remain underrepresented among Duke
faculty and efforts to achieve the goal set by the Academic-
Council ot doubling the number ot black faculty by 1990
have been ineffective to date;
Whereas the responsibility tor correcting the underrep-
resentation of black faculty is shared by the entire univer-
sity community;
Be it resolved:
That the Administration requires each hiring unit within
the university (Departments and programs in Arts and Sci-
ences and in the School ot Medicine, and the other profes-
sional schools) to increase the number ot black faculty (at
regular rank) over its present number (as of September 1,
1987) by at least one, before the fall of 1993, and that it
provide incentives, financial and other, to make it possible
for each department and hiring unit at Duke to do so.
Integration ^J> 29
Circa 1965—
They made history as the
first fu'e African- American
undergraduates at
Duke University.
Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke
Mary Mitchell Harris
Gene Kendal
Cassandra Smith Rush
Nathaniel White, Jr.
The First Five Undergraduates
We thank Bridget Booher, the author, and Duke Magazine for permission to reprint this article
that first appeared in the September-October 1992 issue of Duke Magazine.
WILHELMINA REUBEN-COOKE, '67
From childhood, Wil-
helmina Reuben-Cooke
had recognized the
power and importance of
education. The eldest of
six children, Reuben-
Cooke learned about so-
cial issues and the appli-
cation of ideas from her
parents' after-work con-
versations. Her father,
Odell Reuben, Ph.D.
'70, was president of
Morris College in Sumter, South Carolina, and her mother
was on the faculty there.
As it turned out, she and her father were both on cam-
pus at the same time, earning their respective graduate and
undergraduate degrees. At the suggestion of her father's
graduate school adviser, Professor Emeritus of Christian
Ethics Waldo Beach, Reuben-Cooke applied. Until then,
she had planned to enroll at either her mother's alma
mater, Fisk, or at Oberlin, where her father earned his
master's. But a visit to Durham changed all that; she fell in
love with the Duke Gardens and campus.
As a first year student, the highly motivated South Car-
olina native immersed herself in the social and academic
whirl. By the time she graduated in 1967, Reuben-Cooke
had been selected Phi Beta Kappa, had held leadership po-
sitions with the YWCA and the university's religious coun-
cil, and was listed in "Who's Who Among Students in
American Universities and Colleges." To crown her achieve-
ments, the political science major was elected May Queen
by a majority of her Woman's College peers. (There was no
slate of candidates; each student nominated whomever she
wanted and Reuben-Cooke won with the most write-in
votes.) She also signed in 1967 the open letter protesting the
membership of key administrators and faculty at the then
all-white Hope Valley Country Club.
After graduation, Reuben-Cooke began work on a doc-
torate in American studies at Harvard but took time off to
get married. Her sights then changed to law school. She
taught and then practiced communications law in Wash-
ington, D.C., until 1986. Now a law professor and associ-
ate dean of Syracuse University Law School, Reuben-
Cooke has maintained her ties to Duke: She was appointed
to a six-year term on the board of trustees in 1989.
When I decided to come to Duke, I knew it wouwn t he an easy task.
The majority of students were from the South, and most of them
hat) never dealt with African America/hi as peers. I assumed my so-
cial life woulihi t be great, an J I knew my expectations about college
would be tempered by reality. But I hat) a sense of personal commit-
ment; it was the si.xties and the quest for change arid civil rights
was gaining momentum. It deemed to all of us that we bad a role to
play.
What I discovered was that I never hat) any regrets [about
choosing Duke]. I was socially active ant) hat) a lot of friends. Ant)
Integration ty£>
31
an Important part of that experience was being forced to meet people
and to develop relationships that I probably wouldn t hare made in
another context. That created in me a dense of optimism about the
ways people can grow and change.
1 still ask my.'e/t how I managed to do everything I did. I guess
it goes back to the wag I grew up. Jig parents believed that you
should be involved in your community. So that would hare been my
way ot lite no matter where I went to sehool. You hare a responsibil-
ity to create the environment you desire; you can i criticize what you
don t participate in. Duke made it a comfortable possibility tor me.
And it was fun! I'm making it sound so deadly serious, but it was
always fun
One of the things that concerned me about Duke at the time was
that I wondered how politically active we really were. I was at Har-
rard when I heard that students had taken over the Allen Building
[in 1969]. To embrace issues and feel strongly about them wad a
tjood thing tor Duke. And it was part of a general awakening across
the nation. Those were tumultuous times. For a sehool not to hare
had demonstrations and marches would hare said something nega-
tive about the intellectual commitment of the institution.
In terms of numbers and comfort levels, that continues to be a
question. Not only did I not hare any African-American professors,
but I only had one elass in which there was another black student.
And that does make a difference in your learning. The basic dy-
namic of a white institution is that the comfort or "safety " lerel L<
far different for students of color than it is for the majority. That 's
the beginning point, and it colors everything.
As a trustee, I hare been impressed with the concern for diversity.
We should be looking not only at increasing numbers of African-
American students, but also at how we educate overall. We should
be moving towards a society where all kinds of people work together.
The demographics of the twenty-first century wilt be far different
than today s. And part of our responsibility is to educate students
on how to lire and work with other people. These are the challenges
we face.
MARY MITCHELL HARRIS, '67
Mary Mitchell Harris
made up her mind in
the tenth grade that
she wanted to attend
Duke. An honors stu-
dent at Durham Hill-
side High School, Har-
ris wasn't dissuaded by
a well-intentioned guid-
ance counselor who told
her she might want to
make alternative plans.
By the time Harris was
valedictorian of her se-
nior class, the trustees had voted to desegregate and Harris
was offered admission.
Both my parents worked at American Tobacco, so I was aware of
the Duke family and their influence on the tobacco industry. But I
never considered what it would be like to attend the university. Once
I was there, it was like being in a world inside a world I'd known all
my life. Jly only connection was with the people who worked in the
dining and residence halls. And that connection was friendly, but
loose and detached.
The transition was a lot easier than I thought it would be. I did
spend a few nervous moments wondering if the strength of my ele-
mentary and high school academics would stand up at Duke. But I
made the dean s list the first year.
By my second year, I had fallen in lore and [my fiance's and
my] grades were slipping. So we deeded to get married and stabilise
our lives. Marriage was a big surprise to me and the people who
knew me. It s one of those decisions that rushes its way into your
life without it really being your choice. But at the time, it wasn t
that unusual for people to marry young.
I was pre-med throughout my undergraduate career, although I
32 <±SS>
LEGACY, 1963-1993
changed from biology to psychology my /umor year. I don '/ remem-
ber clodded interacting that much with the social iddued of the time.
There wad an anthropology course that addressed the origins of hu-
manity, and I recall that the profeddor included supportive state-
mentd about the rote of Africans.
We (hthi t have open conversations about racial issues, not even
informally. I guedd myj'udt being there was enough of a dtatement.
It really wad. What conversations we did have focused more on com-
monalitie.i, thingd that we shared that weren t in the context of rare.
Thingd like. "Oh, you mean thid happened to you when you were ten
year,' old too? Friendships were based on the pleasant didcoveried
we made about thingd we all went through.
Last fall I derided to ,<it in on a cladd at Duke, and it totally
satisfied my view of what the university is doing in the elassroom. It
was an Englidh course that looked at a multicultural approach to
life through the eyes of various writers. It updated me considerably.
And the involvement of the elass was spectacular. Jly experience
showed me that a liberal arts education id alive and well; professors
are comfortable with the approach and are open to the ideas and ori-
entation of their students. . . .
One of the thingd I in interested in id corporate psychology.
There are some communications theories regarding rare relations in
the corporate world. Often, there are [surface] acquaintances which
are comfortable and polite, but that never move beyond the cursory
level. And moving beyond that to real friendships ts necessary be-
cause whenever issues come up that can be divided along racial
lines, a demarcation is in place.
It s the same thing for academic institutions; there have to be
real, true friendships among faculty and administrators [that cross
racial lines] in order lor students to think that there s really some-
thing new under the sun. When you talk about creating a multicul-
tural environment, you have to look at the staff and administrative
level as much, it not more so, than the student level.
GENE KENDALL. '67
Born the second son of
six children, Greensboro
native Gene Kendall
was approached by
MIT, Princeton, and
most of the historically
black colleges to apply
for admission. But Duke
offered him a lull schol-
arship, and Kendall's de-
cision, he says, was thus
essentially made for
him. With his sights on
a mechanical engineering degree, Kendall took the manda-
tory pre-major classes, only to find that his high school
coursework left him unprepared for the university's math
and science requirements. A low grade on the semester's
first physics exam left him scrambling to catch up, and by
sophomore year, Kendall knew he would lose his scholar-
ship. Financial considerations forced him to drop out.
Now a captain in the navy, where he is director of the
U.S. Naval Academy's math and science division, Kendall
says his Duke experience was a turning point lor him in
his personal and professional lite.
I attended James B. Dudley Utah School in Greensboro, which wad
a large, segregated school. There were 250 people m my graduating
class. I knew that Duke had no blacks in their undergraduate pro-
grams, but I dtdn t really consider any other school once I was of-
fered the scholarship.
Aly community was ecstatic and my family was happy, but
there was really no pressure [to be the exceptional child]. I was
simply going away to college.
The single most difficult thing about coming to Duke was that I
had no reference for how things would be. Jly high school had pre -
Integration ^£ 33
pared me well for liberal arts courted but I was woefully ill-prepared
for science and math. And that feeling prevailed throughout: "My
God, what have I gotten myself into?" There was no hostility or
anything like that on campud or with any of the people I associated
with. I wad very well received and was expected to participate in the
university, an J I did.
Jly score on the [freshman] physics exam was so low that it
was impossible for me to pass the course at that point. It I'd known
that I was in that much trouble, I would have gone for help earlier,
but I thought I knew the material. I really did.
You 've ijot to remember that I was coming from a high school
environment where I was at the top of everything. Nothing had ever
been difficult; my studies came easily. I was devastated by my fail-
ure and I asked myself, "Hey, am I as smart as everyone says I
am, or has it all been a terrible joke? Should I have taken a lesser
scholarship in a more caring environment and given myself a
chance to grow?
In retrospect, my chances at Duke were very, very slim. Even
though my SATs were the highest of anyone at my high school, they
were below the average for other Duke students and way lower than
those of the average engineering student. I didn t know that when I
arrived, and things started piling up and before I knew it, I /valued
I would essentially be thinking out because my scholarship wouldn t
be renewed.
I joined the navy and did quite well, so the navy wanted to send me
back to school. I asked them to send me back to Duke, but because of
tuition costs, they would only agree to send me to UNC (within the
state). And I figured if I couldn t go to Duke, there was no point in
going to Carolina. Stanford was my next choice, but the military sci-
ence building had been burned down by students the year before, so the
navy wasn't sending anyone there. So I went to the University of
Kansas, where I earned an engineering and physics degree. I gradu-
ated with honors and was president of the physics society.
Jly Duke experience put things into perspective. It showed me
that no matter how you think things are, there are always holes m
your preparation. It taught me to look for whatever I was uncom-
fortable with and work on that, rather than assume everything is
okay because the surface seems fine. It also taught me how to re-
cover from adversity and setbacks — how to return from the end-of-
t he- world syndrome. And it reinforced some interesting beliefs that
sometimes even the most noble experiments don t work.
CASSANDRA SMITH RUSH, '67
While attending St.
Anne's Academy, a
Catholic high school tor
girls in Winston-Salem,
Cassandra Smith Rush
decided her life goal was
to be a doctor. Because
of Duke s reputation tor
its outstanding under-
graduate and medical
schools, she applied tor
admission during her
junior year. At that
point, the university
was still segregated and her application was denied.
Months later, she read that the university's board of
trustees had voted to admit black undergraduate students,
so she reapplied and was ottered a scholarship to attend.
Her family was "absolutely thrilled," she says, especially
her father. (His boss' daughter had applied and been
turned down.)
As a first-year student, Rush was a zoology major, but,
after a particularly rigorous comparative anatomy course,
she switched to French. Other changes were taking place
as well. Rush became caught up in the political and social
currents ot the time, specifically in the Congress ot Racial
Equality (CORE), a national organization that established a
Duke chapter in 1963.
Unsure ot her career goals, Ruth lett the university after
the first semester ot her junior year. She now works as a
34 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993
staff specialist at Southern New England Telephone in New-
Haven, Connecticut, where she lives with her two sons.
I'm proud to day I went to Duke, and sometimes I wish Id stuck it
out. But at the time, I wasn t happy and I ihihi '/ know what I
wanted to do. I wad tired of the fight* with townspeople, who could be
absolutely hostile, and very brutal. And even some of the students
would cross the quad rather than speak to me. Or /hex/ would look
the other way when they walked past.
I grew up in a eery sheltered environment and it really hurt. I
hadn '/ ever been treated like that. For a loth] time I put it out of my
mind because it was so unpleasant, especially the off-campus en-
counters.
I was arrested in Chapel Hill in early 196-i. Martin Luther King,
Jr., had spoken [at Duke], and our CORE group walked from
Durham to Chapel Hill to hold a sit-in protest in front of a [segre-
gated] restaurant there. We were thrown in jail tor trespassing and
resulting arrest. But it was tine, because we were all together. . . .
For my sons, it is so, so different. They were born and raised m
integrated neighborhoods and schools. They grew up in an environ-
ment where we didn't label people black, white, Chinese, whatever.
Our house a/ways looked like a United Nations meeting. Aly sons
would describe their new friends to me and tell me how old they were,
where their parents lived and more. But until I met them, I would
have no idea what race they were. I taught them to took at other
people as human beings. And maybe lee done them an injustice be-
cause we Use in a racist society. But as tittle kids, they were never
aware of racism. And it shou/dn t be an issue that children have to
deal with. Consequently, they fit right in and feel they re entitled to
the same rights as anyone else. When they see instances of
[racism] they ask me "Why? Why do people raise their children
that way? "And I tell them that it's a form of child abuse when par-
ents raise their children to be racist.
After I left Duke, I worked in Washington, D.C , for the gov-
ernment and then the navy. I went as far as I could go without a
college degree; not having that piece of paper kept me from going
ahead to the next level. So I started thinking about returning to
school, but it wasn t until I was at home with my first child that I
really tell I was vegetating. I felt that my brain was turning to
mush! I d go shopping just to encounter other adults.
When I went back to work part-time at the Federal Reserve, I
applied for and won an employee scholarship which paid for my col-
lege tuition. So when I got my degree [a bachelor's in economics
from Philadelphia s Chestnut Hilt College], it really meant a lot to
me because I was so ready. I graduated on Mother's Day in 1979.
Because of my experience, my sons understand why I in so deter-
mined for them to stay in school.
NATHANIEL WHITE, JR. , '67
His family lived only
three miles from campus,
but Nathaniel White, Jr.,
remembers little about
the university from his
childhood in Durham.
Segregation meant that
he and his classmates at
Hillside High School
only interacted with
white students during
weekly science seminars
at Durham High. White
recalls that the prospect of going from a completely black en-
vironment to a nearly all-white one was "an appealing chal-
lenge." Once there, White discovered it was "like going to a
whole new city."
In August of 196), I was in the March on Washington. An uncle
from New }'ork was there, as was another one who lived in II ash-
inglon . . . we alt met there. It was probably the last family reunion
we had. Within a week of that, I was starting my classes at Duke.
There seemed to be a lot of advance preparation for our arrival.
Aly roommate had been ore-picked; he was a sophomore. I got the
impression that the faculty, undergraduates, and graduate students
Integration ^>
35
were ready [tor desegregation] and that it was the board of trustees
that delayed it from happening a.' loin/ as it did.
We were a novelty effect because we were new; you know, "II 'bat
are they really Like?" My bottomline approach became, as a func-
tion of that, that I had blab expectation.' tor my friends [regardless
of color], ,<o the people who I bad problems with, who didn t live up
to my expectation,!, / wasn t interested in being around. As a result,
the number of people I associated with was much smaller than if 1 1)
attended my father's alma mater, Hampton Institute, where I'd
been planning to go before I got accepted to Duke.
You have to remember that not only was Duke all white when I
was there, but it was also very southern. I remember having a du<-
cussion with an athletics administrator about how we ought to be
recruit mo black athletes, and he gave me a lecture about bow Duke
had high academic standards. I told him I dldn 't think Id gotten in
without meeting those academic standards. . . .
The basketball team was as hot then as it is now, and my room-
mate and I were both big fans. But back then they would play
"Dixie, " which was practically like the national anthem because
everyone would stand up. II e would organize sit-downs. II e eventu-
ally had a whole section that wouldn t stand when it was played.
They finally stopped playing it. They were beginning to learn.
It s interesting to look at what we were working toward back then
and whether we've gotten there. I would say we haven't. I think the
gap between the bases and the have-nots is widening. Look at the
L.A. riots, tor example. Now, it's not so much a matter of whether a
restaurant will serve you, it's how you re going to pay for your meal
once you re there. One thing that s happening at Duke which I
think is positive is the more toward a multicultural environment.
That Is a critical step, because the world is multicultural, and if
you re turning out students who area t exposed to that, or equipped
to Use in it, they re at a real disadvantage.
The resistance to changes in the curriculum is part of that. You
base people who say they don t want to "dilute " the curriculum, but
the idea that you can write about history and completely ignore the
contributions of minority [populations], and pretend that certain
things never happened, is wrong. As I got older and learned about
all the contributions of minorities, it made me really mad that I'd
never heard about these people in my classes. . . .
In my current job, I'm director of the Public Health Sciences In-
stitute at Morehouse College. Our prima ty empbas'u< L< to encour-
age undergraduates to pursue careers in epidemiology and statistics.
Our fourteen-week summer program matches juniors and seniors
from historically black colleges with researchers at the Centers for
Disease Control. II 'e also want to start a club for students Inter-
ested in public health. It would be like a pre-med group; there would
be internships for students who had been research assistants and
who wanted to focus on public health problems.
36 d$
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Student Activism
By 1967, black students at Duke had spent more than a
few years attempting to adjust to their new integrated uni-
versity community- They began to realize that the univer-
sity campus was not free from the discrimination they had
known in their local communities. They -were painfully
aware of the inequities the black workers were subjected
to. As thev became unhappy with their own plight and re-
alized the potential strength and power students held, they,
as many students on campuses around the country, turned
to mass protest to express their frustration and anger.
HOPE VALLEY STUDY-IN,
NOVEMBER 13, 1967
The daylong protest began at 8:30 in the morning when
thirty-five members of the Afro- American Society arrived at
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I
SUents Avraiij
J
President Knight's office and sat down on the floor and
began their "study-in." The students demanded to speak
with the president to re-
quest that he forbid the
use of segregated facili-
ties by the university
and that he and other
key administrators end
their membership in the
segregated Hope Valley
Country Club.
The protest came in
the aftermath of a corre-
spondence that occurred
the previous Friday. The
group had sent a letter
to the president making
Integration ^j>
37
a demand: "The Duke University Afro-Americans DE-
MAND that our administration IMMEDIATELY an-
nounce and explicitly institute a policy ol total prohibition
of patronization of segregated facilities/establishments by
ANY university organization." Dr. Knight replied in a let-
ter denouncing their "explicit threat of disruption," and
stating that "the university will accept no ultimatum."
The demonstrators were peaceful throughout the day,
but on several occasions blocked passers-by from going
through the lobby. Several times the students were in-
volved in discussions with the administration. Their state-
ments were recorded by local and national media.
That night, the Student Faculty Administration Com-
mittee passed a resolution recommending a university-wide
policy prohibiting use of segregated facilities.
A SILENT VIGIL, APRIL 5-11, 1 968
Prompted by the tragedy of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s as-
sassination on April 4, 1968, and after a memorial service
at the Duke Chapel Hill on April 5, hundreds of stu-
dents — black and white — began gathering in the quad in
grief and in protest of Duke s discriminatory policies. This
is how the weeklong demonstration, A Silent Vigil, began.
Early in the week, students marched to the president's
house under the direction of Howard Fuller and Ben
Ruff in and peacefully occupied it.
As the strength of the vigil increased in numbers and
spirit each day, many students, faculty members, and com-
munity leaders united around the common concern for im-
provement of the workers' conditions at Duke.
The primary focus that emerged and defined this protest
was the employment conditions of the maids, janitors, and
dining hall workers. Demands were made for unionization,
increase in wages, and improvement of working conditions.
38
d$
LEGACY, 1963-1993
By the time the protest ended on April 11, the trustees
had agreed to an increase ol the workers' wages, among
other concessions.
"There u nothing more remarkable than
the ingenuity that the various
demarcation** of the color line reflect.
If only the same creative energy
conic) he used to eradicate the color line;
then its days would indeed he numbered. "
— John Hope Franklin, The Color
Line: Legacy for the Twenty-first Century
Integration ^> 39
ALLEN BUILDING TAKEOVER
FEBRUARY 13, 1969
Afro-American Society occupied the Allen Building on
February 13, 1969 for eight hours. Sixty members pre-
sented the university administration with a list ot thirteen
demands. The administration summoned the Durham Po-
lice, who arrived at the Allen Building with tear gas. The
takeover resulted in three student arrests, charges of police
brutality, and the treatment of forty-five people in the
Duke Hospital Emergency Room. Students boycotted
classes for three days after the takeover. Thirteen AAS
leaders were tried under the university's pickets and
protests policy. All thirteen were eventually acquitted.
The following are the thirteen grievances and demands
that the students presented to the administration:
1. The establishment of a fully accredited department of
Afro- American studies.
2. The right to establish a black dormitory on campus.
3. Representation of the black student population to
reach twenty-nine percent of the student body by 1973,
since that figure represented the percentage of blacks in
the area and "since Duke claims to be representative of the
Southeast."
4. The reinstatement of black students who, "because of
the stifling social and educational environment at Duke,
were unable to achieve the required academic standing and
were forced to leave the university.
5. "Financial reassurance tor black students." Decreased
scholarships had threatened to limit the number of return-
ing black students.
6. A black advisor selected only by direct consultation
with black students.
7. The earmarking of black student fees for a black stu-
dent union rather than to the student union.
8. The establishment of academic achievement in high
school, rather than standardized test scores, to be the crite-
rion for black students for admission to the university be-
cause, "we believe the criteria for entering black students
are oriented toward white middle-class students, and there-
fore are inadequate for determining academic potential."
9. The right tor non-academic employees to have the
power to determine the basis for their working conditions,
rights, and other employment matters.
10. "An immediate end to tokenism of black representa-
tion in university power structures."
11. "An immediate end to police harassment of black
students and protection ot all black students at Duke."
12. A demand to the end of grading for black students.
13. Total amnesty tor all black students involved in the
takeover ot the Allen Building.
The Chronicle
Monday. September 8. 1975
-Black Thursday, 1969-
(Continued from page 1]
Much of the Duke black
community's early concrm
In the (all term of 1968 cen-
tered around Duke's sup-
port of or affiliation with
segregated establishments
such as the Hope Valley
Country Qub. Pushing for
boycotts of such facilities.
Knight eventually dis-
sociated himself from the
country club. Also, a note
of contention. "Dixie", wbs
finally dropped as part of
the standard repertoire of
the Duke marching band
In October of 1968 stu-
dents of the Afro- American
Society presented the ad-
ministration with 12 point*
□f concern. Chief among
these were: black enroll-
ment levels: the acquisition
of a black advisor on the ad-
ministrative level: hiring of
black faculty members: the
establishment of a summer
remedial session for blacks,
and the boycotting ol
segrega te d facilltl es.
A loint committe of ad-
ministrators, faculty and
black students was appoint-
ed to study these points o(
concern. This committee,
after functioning only one
month, began to dissolve,
Meanwhile, the adminlstra-
Fuller and Dick Gregory
and discovering the
strength of ioinl efforts dur-
ing Black Week, black stu-
dents were catalyzed to the
actions of the takeover. As
Hopkins said, "We have ex- ,
hausted all the so-called
paper chanel a."
The 13 points presented
during the Allen Building
occupation underlined the
blacks' sentiment that Duke
was overwhelmingly white-
orieoled: These points
therefore are Inadequate for
determining academic
9. The right for non-
academic employees to
have the power to de-
termine the basis for their
working conditions, rights.
and other employment mat-
ters.
10. "An Immediate end to
tokenism of black represen-
tation in Unlverslty'pawer
1 1 . "An Immediate end to
police harassment of black
of
all black students at Duke."
12 A demand to the end
of grading for black stu-
13. Total amnesty for all _
black students involved in
the takeover of Allen Build-
ing.
Tnm
The ad-
ministration's response to
(he A/ro-Americon stu-
dents' demands and the
establishment of the Budd
Committee to design an
Afro-American Studies
Tnit aign at tno anuxiu io Alien S^t!d!~; -•--!• !rr»d >h* liberation" of
Duk».
40 <$$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
ALLEN BUILDING TAKEOVER: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT
Brenda E. Armstrong, '70
On the evening of Thursday, February 13, 1994, my chil-
dren and 1 went over to campus tor a candlelight vigil to
commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary ol the Allen
Building Takeover. I found myself moved to tears as 1 ap-
proached the building, and as I listened to the students cel-
ebrate, analyze, and attempt to place in perspective the
events that occurred twenty-five years ago. I have been
asked to recount the events of this protest for you. I sup-
pose that I have put this off to the last minute lor the same
reasons that I was so overcome Thursday night. It dredged
up some particularly painful and unresolved feelings about
the circumstances that led up to and followed the Allen
Building Takeover.
The seeds of the Allen Building Takeover were sewn
with the decision to begin admitting "large numbers" of
black students to Duke. "Large" meant more than one.
Imagine yourself a newly graduated African-American
high school student, excellent GPA, excellent SATs, leader
in vour school. Perhaps you were a merit nominee and
definitely an achievement scholar, having successfully
completed your preparation in an environment of caring,
protective, high-achiever teachers. Imagine teachers who
had carefully orchestrated your high school career to make
you the most successful, well-exposed, ambitious, and fo-
cused group of people to benefit from the earliest successes
of the civil rights era. Most of us were from first-genera-
tion middle class black families. Some of us were the first
in our families to get the chance to go to college.
Most of us came up through strong but segregated pri-
mary and secondary educational systems. Most impor-
tantly, however, we were sent with the purpose to take our
places as the next generation of black leaders. Now imag-
ine what we found when we came to Duke, in 1965, 66, 67,
and 68. There were at most ninety of us including the ath-
letes, seventy-five or so excluding them. The women lived
on East Campus; the men on West. We were spread out in
dorms. We had no transportation on or off campus other
than the bus. Some of us were the "onlies" in the dorms —
the objects of stares, giggles, offensive name calling, and
isolation the likes of which none of you can imagine. Some
of us came back to our dorm rooms to find Confederate
flags on the doors with "nigger go home" written over it.
Most of us never heard a friendly voice, except that of the
dorm "maids. These were older black women who were
addressed by their first names by young white college stu-
dents. We watched helplessly as we corrected the young
white students who ignored us and kept on with their dis-
respectful gestures. We remember what it felt like when
we sat down at a table in the dining room and everyone
else got up. On the bus or even in the classroom everyone
moved over. We knew what the message was in allowing
sororities and fraternities to use facilities that openly dis-
criminated against blacks and Jews. Even the president of
the university was a member of one of them. We endured
hearing "Dixie" and the concomitant waving of the Con-
federate flag at football games. Those of us who were fe-
males needed the brothers to literally escort us to the bas-
ketball games to protect us from the racial slurs that
effused from the KAs as we walked by their house on the
way to the indoor stadium.
We moved on campus mostly as invisible people. We
were the objects of the worst kind of racism in the class-
room, where we started out at a deficit. It was incompre-
hensible to have been considered smart enough for "A"
work, especially when subjective grading of essays or term
papers, or theses were concerned. The few of us in science
battled the results of that isolation even in areas where
subjective grading would have been harder. We were not
given the benefit of the old tests, or the lab assistant's tute-
lage. We were thought of as "dumb" when we asked for
help. The white students were characterized as "competi-
tive" for the same request. We remember all trying to take
Dr. Cook's class. He was the only black professor around.
Integration ty£ 4 1
We remember his frustration in unsuccessfully attempting
to accommodate us. We watched helplessly as almost fifty
percent of those academically girted black students from
1966 to 1968 left after one or two semesters at Duke. Their
financial aid was withdrawn because their grades were not
good enough. And we felt that awful terror when the males
left because we knew that it would automatically call them
up for the draft for the Vietnam War. Our worst fears
were realized when at least two died in Vietnam. We woke,
ate, slept, studied, rejoiced, and cried alone. After reaching
a critical mass of "us" with the twenty blacks in the class
that enrolled in 1966, we realized that there was a mutual
experience that we all shared which went beyond personal
encounters. We could identify it as a Hying, breathing,
scourge on our attempts to get an education from Duke.
We knew that we needed a social and political outlet. That
need gave rise to the Afro-American Society in the spring
of 1967.
The "Afro-Am" Society, as we affectionately called it,
was the hub of our social, cultural, and political existence.
It was what we touched eyery day to reassure us that those
negative messages that so dominated our existence were
not real. We organized the first nonviolent demonstration
against the use of the Hope Valley Country Club and the
subsequent "Study-In" at Dr. Knight's office. This led to
the university adopting a policy that no university sup-
ported organization could use any facility that openly dis-
criminated against blacks. The society coordinated our
participation in and co-leadership of the Silent Vigil that
protested Duke's discriminatory policies, especially as they
applied to the workers. It was the repository for our yearly
expressions of the glorious history, culture, and emerging
political power through Black Week. There we orches-
trated the weekly activities that included theatrical produc-
tions directed, casted, and produced entirely by AA stu-
dents (most of whom had no prior training). It was also
where the generation of our literary magazine occurred.
This we assembled with creativity since we had no money.
The society arranged the takeover of the radio station with
AA students as the DJs, and the change in the normal of-
ferings in the cafeterias. Most importantly, the weeklong
discussions of the politics and sociology of our people,
which brought the likes of Dick Gregory, Fannie Lou
Hamer, Julian Bond, Alaynard Jackson, Ben Ruffin, and
Howard Fuller to campus, all occurred during Black
Week. We felt empty when it was over, thirsting for more
and wondering why there wasn't a Black Week in our cur-
riculum. Black Week focused the issues that were seething
in our day-to-day lives at Duke, the issues that required
that something be done.
So, in the spring of 1968, shortly after the first Black
Week concluded, we met. We began to identify those is-
sues that were the recurring themes in our lives which
would lead to the famous thirteen demands. READ these.
We went through the lengthy process of meeting with
the administration, with the Dean of Student Affairs
William Griffith and with representatives of Dr. Knight's
office. We attempted to address these thirteen demands.
We asked tor a timeline and detailed descriptions of the
implementation of these thirteen demands. In the mean-
time, we lost another thirty percent of our numbers. Mar-
tin Luther King was shot and killed. There were now con-
frontations occurring between white and black students on
campus. I remember vividly studying in nay dorm room
when another black student came to tell me that Dr. King
was dead. I remember sitting in Wallace Fowlie's French
class the next day, feeling no reason to be there. I got up,
excusing myself in tears, and walked to the quad only to
find droves of us who had the same reaction. I remember
then marching to the president s house under the direction
of Howard Fuller and Ben Ruffin, with other grieving
black students. We occupied it peacefully. We asked what
the university would do to respond to this tragedy and to
our demands. I remember feeling empty and rejected as
42
a*
LEGACY, 1963-1993
the semester ended. There was no movement to resolve our
demands. Another thirty percent left. Fall semester of 1968
started. The demands were back on the table. There was
an uneasy calm on campus. The work of the Afro-Am So-
ciety was focused around Black Week in February, and in
seeing the thirteen demands through. In November, just
prior to the end of the semester, with no apparent move-
ment by the administration to substantively address our
demands, we broke off all negotiations with the university
and retreated.
I remember reading in the last issue of Harambee, pub-
lished February 5, 1969, a quote from "J. T. Bear," who
was one of our colleagues. It went, "Hibernation is covert
preparation for an overt action." Nothing described the
events which transpired better. We decided that we would
demonstrate to the university our resolve. We would
demonstrate to the university that its racist ethos (and the
pursuit of that ethos) was choking the academic, social, and
cultural life out of some of the most gifted African Ameri-
cans. We would not go down without a fight. Allen Build-
ing was on. Swiftly, we all began our assorted tasks. Some
memorized the floor plans to the Allen Building — every
door, lock, transom, entrance, and exit. Some secured in-
formation about the way in which Duke filtered its news to
the press and how we would bypass the filter. We decided
what we wanted to accomplish, what time we would go,
and by what means. We discussed the plan with those in
the community who had been our eyes and ears, who pro-
tected our young spirits, and whose example we followed
for leadership and focus. We talked to Ben and Howard.
And then, most importantly, we decided who would go.
Fortunately, Black Week came February 4—11. It was a
great week. Fannie Lou Hamer came. Maynard Jackson
came. James Turner came. There were productions of
James Weldon Johnson's "The Lord's Trombones" and
readings of Leroi Jones (aka Amiri Baraka). We all went
to see Aretha throw down in Raleigh. We carpooled,
caught the bus, did whatever was necessary to get to see
the Queen of Soul. Finally Dick Gregory came. In his
voice came the message that brought it all home to all of
us. He said, "If you can't breathe, you can't live. If the
racism is choking you, you're already dead unless you take
your plight in your own hands. . . ."
In our own hands. On February 12th, we met on
Markham Avenue to finalize the plans and talked about
who would go. The athletes said they would be our eyes on
the top of the Social Science Building. There was ambiva-
lence as to what our parents would say. Our discussions
were passionate and emotional. We expressed our fears,
and our frustrations after a year of negotiations with Duke.
Some wanted to take a less severe path. We all agreed that
something had to be done. Some of us knew we were going
no matter what. Some of us needed the night to think. All
of us were given until 6:00 A.M. the next morning to de-
cide. Those who showed up would go; those who couldn't
would support us in whatever way they could. We were to
pick up a truck which would carry us to the building, be-
fore the major work force 'was there. Ben and Howard had
been alerted that we would need some significant support
from the Durham community. They guaranteed that they
would be there for us again. We would secure the building
in three minutes or less. No weapons would be taken.
Books, some food, and what was needed to lock us in
would be brought along. The appropriate persons at AP
and UPI would be notified when we left, and we would not
call our parents until we were safely inside. Those of us
who were organizing prayed that everyone would make
the right decision. None of us slept that night. Sixty or
sixty-one students showed up at 6:00 A.M. for that fateful
trip in a dark U-HAUL truck down Campus Drive to the
Allen Building. I cried, trembled, and prayed as I rode in
the dark. When the doors opened, we ran into the building
and secured it as planned. We made the phone calls,
hoisted the Malcolm X Liberation University banner onto
Integration (f^
43
the secured doors ot the Allen Building. Then we cheered
. . . because it was our time and our destiny unfolding in
front ot us and we were there. In the eight hours that tran-
spired, we called our parents (most of whom cried on the
phone and then threatened to kill us if the university didn't
succeed in doing so first). We took pictures of the moment
and tried to study. But there was no studying that day-
Soon we heard the sounds ot the police. We rejoiced when
we heard on the radio that our leak to AP and UPI had
caught Duke oft guard. The whole world knew!!! A
steady stream of administrators came. They implored us to
leave, and promised to do more. They warned us that we
would be expelled. At the same time, the Students for a
Democratic Society (SDS) occupied the second floor in
support of our action. They did not lock themselves in.
Students could walk around them. Ben and Howard had
made good on their promise. There was a circle of commu-
nity support beginning to amass around the entrances to
the Allen Building. In the meantime, the athletes had not
failed us. While the faculty senate (UFCAS) debated what to
do, Dr. Knight had already called for outside police assis-
tance. The students thought he had called the National
Guard to come to "get us out ot the building'' and restore
the campus back to its somnolence. The white students
were beginning to ask what was happening. The campus
had come to a standstill. The world was looking at Duke
and asking how it could have allowed this to happen. No
longer could Duke escape attention; insulate itself from the
real world; go about business as usual; or delay coming to
grips with its cancer of racism. We had our victory, our de-
cisive moment. The momentum created from this forced
the university to make sweeping changes in the way it
taught, thought, treated, and incorporated all of its stu-
dents into a larger world. With the community amassed at
the doors to absorb us as we left (i.e., we took advantage of
the tact that we "all look alike ), we quietly stole away,
merging imperceptibly with the mass of community sup-
port. We went over to a dorm across from Allen Building
to see ourselves on the news. When the police arrived no
one was there. They took up their positions to guard the
building, and also incurred the anger of the mostly -white
students who could not imagine why the National Guard
had been called out to our campus. The national news re-
ported the takeover and likened it to the now-famous
44
&$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
takeover at Cornell. They announced that it was the first
major takeover in a white institution in the South. It was
reported that tear gas had been exploded, and that the stu-
dents ran from the advancing guard, and that the univer-
sity was in chaos. Administrators moved quickly to secure
and shut down the campus. Classes were called off. The
Afro-Am Society, individually and as a group, waited for
the aftermath.
It came in the form of naming thirteen of the "ringlead-
ers" to be tried for violations of the university's pickets and
protests policy. Ken Pye chaired a committee of facultv
and students. Julius Chambers and Ferguson of the NAACP
Legal Defense Fund offered to represent us. They listened
as we told our stories of what had happened to us since
coming to Duke. They prepared us for trial. We would
plead no to contendre, no contest. They knew it would be
hard to get the thirteen of us off but they would try. What
they didn't count on was the bond that tied us together as a
community ot one for that moment in history.
On the day of the trial, every one of the remaining forty-
eight surrendered to be tried. All of our parents came to
support us. Duke University now had its entire black stu-
dent population, as well as the funding based on the pres-
ence of black students on trial. There was serious doubt
that the fallout from expelling all of its black students
would be negated by the coming tall semester. Our parents
listened as Julius chronicled incident after incident of
racial discrimination — so brutal and so harsh. Many of
them wept openly. Most of them embraced us and sup-
ported us. And all of them knew that their children had
met their destinies without flinching, and had been ever
defiant and undaunted. In choosing to confront Duke, we
students had carved a place in history for ourselves. Our
enduring legacy would be one of leadership, commitment,
extraordinary academic and professional productivity. In-
deed, such achievement through struggle and the ensuing
myths created would be the stuff of legends. And, on our
shoulders would stand generations of black students to
complete their unfinished business at Duke.
We seized the budding because we have
been negotiating with the Duke
administration and faculty for two-and-a-
half years. We have no meaningful results.
We have exhausted all the so-called
proper channels. "
Afro- American Society's
statement regarding the takeover
Integration ty£ 45
SEPTEMBER 24, 1 975 PROTEST
One hundred African-American students protested and presented
to President Terry Sanford the following demands for the amelioration
of their grievances:
1. Departmentalization of the black studies program
2. Increase in the number of black faculty in black studies
3. Increased input of black students in decisions which directly or indirectly
affect the black student population at Duke
4. Immediate end to all forms of discrimination by work-study employers
5. The termination of harassment of blacks by campus security officers
6. Replenishment, extension and updating of the Afro-American Studies col-
lection in the library
7. End of the systematic reduction of grants, scholarships, loans, and special
programs for black students
8. End to the appointment of black student representatives to "appeasement"
committees set up by the administration which identify problems but fail to
resolve them
9. Increase in black enrollment
10. Immediate implementation of those demands presented by black students
on February 13, 1969 to which the administration has not sufficiently ad-
dressed themselves
11. Immediate conference with the administration concerning the above enu-
merated demands
46 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
Chapter 2
Thirtieth Anniversary
Commemorative
Events
AFRICAN AMERICAN
LEGACY '
Abele to Zimmerman
CONTINUING THE TRADITION
OF EXCELLENCE
The official logo of the
Thirtieth Anniversary Commemoration
The Duke University crest embraced
with Kente cloth symbolized the inextricable
link between the history of the university
and the history of the African-American
community. The phrase Abele to Zimmerman
(in reference to Julian Abele, the architect of
Duke campus, and to Matthew Zimmerman,
who was one of the first two African-Ameri-
can students to enroll in a degree program)
represents the wide range of contributions
that African Americans have made to the
university.
This logo was used for the committee
stationery, t-shirts, banners, and flags that
were hung throughout West Campus, along
Campus Drive, and Chapel Drive. Kente is
alive on the Duke campus.
Lijt of Event j
JANUARY
• Interrogating Identity Exhibition, Duke University
A\useum of Art
"The exhibition attempts to interrogate' the meaning of
the term black art as it is applied to the broad range of
artistic output by artists of divergent backgrounds and
heritages in three historically linked, English-speaking
countries: Canada, Great Britain, and the United States."
• The Right Rev. H. Hartford Brookins, Bishop, Second
Episcopal District African Methodist Episocopal Church,
Washington, D.C., addresses the student body .
FEBRUARY
• Tuskegee Airmen, Mary Lou Williams Center for Black
Culture
• Interrogating Identity films "Hair Piece" and "Fade to
Black"
• North Carolina International Jazz Festival, vocalist Eve
Cornelius and pianist Joanne Brackeen
• Pink Ice, annual semi-formal affair hosted by Alpha
Kappa Alpha Sorority
• Alexander Rivera, photography exhibit, Mary Lou
Williams Center for Black Culture
• The Uptown String Quartet, lecture and performance,
Griffith Film Theater
• History of Black Music in America
• Graduate School Informational Meeting
• An Evening of Jazz: Rhapsody in Red, Delta Sigma
Theta Sorority
• The Meeting, Page Auditorium
MARCH
• Black Comedy Night and Filmfest sponsored by the
Black Student Alliance
• Papa Bunko Susso, Griot and Musician, Mary Lou
Williams Center tor Black Culture
• The Golden Affair, a Salute to African Americans in the
Performing Arts, honoring Halle Berry.
• Jesse Jackson, Duke Chapel
• Third Annual Conference of Preparing Minorities for
Academic Careers, Bryan Center
• Undergraduate Admissions, Black Student Alliance
Festival
• Health Fair, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
• North Carolina International Jazz Festival, Ron
Jackson, guitar, and Pedro Moreira, tenor saxophone
• Black Business Symposium, Black MBA Organization,
Fuqua School
• Second Annual Hurston-James Symposium
• Blondell Commings, choreographer/director
• African Awareness Week, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
• Martin Luther King Lecture Series, Divinity School
APRIL
• North Carolina International Jazz Festival, Marcus
Roberts, pianist
• 1993 Eric C. Lincoln Ball and Banquet, Kappa Alpha Psi
Fraternity'
• Reception to Honor Black Graduating Seniors
• Clarence Fountain and the Blind Boys of Alabama,
traditional gospel and blues
• Career Conference, Duke University Black Alumni
Connection
• Open House, Career Development Center
• Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship Dinner
• Showcase of Campus Performing Artists, Alpha Kappa
Alpha Sorority
Commemorative Events ^JJ> 49
• Black Scholars' Award Ceremonies, Alpha Kappa Alpha
Sorority
MAY
• Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Perkins
Library
AUGUST
• Welcoming Reception for the Thirtieth Class oi African-
American Undergraduates at Duke University.
SEPTEMBER
• Literary Competition lor Durham Public School
Students
• Thirtieth Anniversary House Course, "Race and
Education" begins
• Speaker Series:
Dr. Chuck Stone, "Race, Education, and Images
in the Media"
• Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Perkins
Library
• Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues)
• Speaker Series:
Mr. Don Brackn, "Race, Education, and Music"
Ret'. Dr. Benjamin ChavL), Jr., "Race, Education, and
Economics and Politics"
Dr. Louui W. Sullivan, "Race, Education, and the
Health Care System in America"
DECEMBER
• Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues)
• Speaker Series:
Prof e<)<ior Lani Guiltier, "Race, Education, and the New
Civil Rights"
OCTOBER
• Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues)
• Speaker Series:
Dr. /Murray N. DePduiiv, "Race, Education,
and the Arts"
Chief of Chaplains (Major General) Matthew A.
Zimmerman, "Race, Education, and Religion"
Air. Kenneth Chestnut, "Race, Education, and
Business
NOVEMBER
• Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Duke
University Hospital, North Division
50 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
Welcoming Reception
The fall semester of 1993 began with a reception honoring
the Alrican-American members of the class of 1997, the
thirtieth class of African-American undergraduates to ma-
triculate at Duke. More than eighty percent of the 124 new
first-year African-American students attended the recep-
tion. President Nannerl Keohane, Provost Thomas Lang-
ford, Dean of Arts and Sciences Roy Weintraub, and
Chairman of the Duke Endowment and a member of the
Duke family Mrs. Mary D.B.T. Semans welcomed the stu-
dents and their families and challenged them to continue
the remarkable legacy of their African-American predeces-
sors at Duke.
University Vice President and Vice Provost Dr. Leonard
Beckum and Dr. Brenda Armstrong, '70, encouraged stu-
dents to participate in the activities held during this com-
memorative year. Students received t-shirts with the thirti-
eth-year official logo. African-American members of the
class of 1997 began their undergraduate careers with an
awareness of the special place they occupy in the history of
the university.
Commemorative Events
Vi>
51
Thirtieth Anniversary
House Course y "Raee eJ Education
v
Designed to provide an academic context tor the ongoing
dialogue about race, Dr. Leonard C. Beckum, university
vice president and vice provost, and Dr. Brenda Arm-
strong, associate professor of pediatrics, cotaught a house
course entitled "Race and Education." The semester-long
course began on September 8; approximately twenty-five
students met each week to discuss race and education in
terms ot the historical and political context of American
society. Students critically reviewed the issues surrounding
the education ot both majority and minority populations.
The syllabus for the house course deliberately coincided
with the Thirtieth Anniversary Speaker Series offered dur-
ing the tall semester. Distinguished speakers provided stu-
dents with unique and personal perspectives, discussing
the role of race and education as they impacted other areas
of society'. The following is a list of readings from the class
syllabus. Speakers also suggested readings.
Bell, Derrick. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence
of Racism. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
Easter, E., Cheers, D. M., and Brooks, D. SongdofMy
People, African America/hi: A Self Portrait. Little, Brown,
and Co., 1992.
Early, Gerald. Lure and Loathing: Kways on Race, Identity, and
the Ambivalence of Assimilation. New York: The Penguin
Press, 1993.
Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities. New York: The
Crown Press, 1991.
Nelson, Jill. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience.
Chicago: The Noble Press, Inc., 1993.
Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory. New York: Bantam
Books, 1982.
West, Cornel. Race /Matters. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993.
Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Race and Rights.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
EXCERPTS FROM STUDENTS' RESPONSES
TO THE HOUSE COURSE
"Racism was described [by Major Matthew Zimmerman]
as a disease being ted and kept alive by hidden forces
which needed the presence of racism to keep people from
seeing mankind as a single family. I was challenged bv this
assertion. ..."
Nathaniel Turner, '94
"Essentially, it all boils down to an uneven playing field.
Institutionalized racism is benefiting the infrastructure and
power establishment. Those with political and economic
power use race as a divisive issue to their advantage."
Noel Miquiabas, '94
"The lack of an all-encompassing history, the lack ot ade-
quate health care, the lack of truly equal and unprejudiced
opportunity, the lack of unbiased media input results from
America being a country that does not appreciate all that
African Americans have done."
LaTarsha Russell, '94
52
<*#
LEGACY. 1963-1993
"Education is both the savior and perpetuator of racial in-
justice in America. Only through education may we over-
come the racism that has been woven into our social fabric,
yet it is education that has historically maintained these
prejudices."
Shawn Reed, '94
"Through this course, we have been exposed to all types of
definitions and explanations about the effects of racism on
education and vice versa. As a result, I no longer hold such
a narrow-minded view about how knowledge is acquired.
Instead, I am now aware how educational experiences can
surface in a plethora of situations, environments, and con-
texts."
Sharon Morgan, '94
Commemorative Events
w>
53
Hoiue-Couive
Speaker Series
During the fall semester ol 1993, the Thirtieth Anniversary
Committee was privileged to host a speaker series concern-
ing race and education. We thank the participants tor mak-
ing the endeavor such a success. All speeches were open to
the public. Audiotapes of the speeches are available in the
Duke University Archives.
DR. CHUCK STONE
Race, Education, and Imaged in the Media
Walter Spearman Professor,
School ol Journalism and Mass
Communication, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Syndicated columnist, political
analyst, author, TV commenta-
tor, former special assistant to
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
"Times change, things im-
prove, and yet as I said in my
law degree article, history does
repeat itself. It is a cyclical
kind ol thing. I want to deal with race and education, and im-
ages in the media. But also the variations on the theme of
white racism, black self-destruction, and national indilterence,
because those are the three factors that are interacting and
impacting upon both experiences I call the racial symbiosis.'
"We can no longer attribute all ol the ills ol the society
or all ol the ills in the black community to white racism.
Sure, it could be a dominant force that controls our society
and institutional racism does dominate our activities and
our lives. But what has become a development in the last
lew years has been a pathology, a social cancer that is de-
structive ol the goodness, integrity, and unity ol the black
community."
DR. MURRAY N. DEPILLARS
Race, Education, and the Arts
Dean, Professor of Art Edu-
cation, Virginia Common-
wealth University, School ol
the Arts. Artist, author, con-
sultant, art administrator,
member of AFROCOBRA,
which formed in Chicago in
1968.
"I want to talk to you a
little bit about the history of
art, maybe about the group I
exhibited with, AFROCOBRA,
and try to decode some slides for you and to impress upon
you the importance of African and Afro-American imprint
on civilization.
"How many of you have taken art history? What book
did you use? Helen Gardner or Jansen? Helen Gardner.
We use Helen Gardner at Virginia Commonwealth. It is
considered to be the widest-selling art history book in this
country and the book states that art began in France with
cave paintings dated approximately 13,000 B.C. I think
Jansen starts the same way.
"He talks about primitive art, but primitive art doesn't
count because primitive art is African art. I'm not trying to
be funny; I'll come back and clear it up for you but by and
large that is what both Jansen and Gardner will say about
the birth ol art. That the birth of art began with the rock
art at Lasso. Some black and white researchers have dis-
covered some cave paintings in Africa that predates those
at Lasso. So the question is whether the quality ol the
54
W
LEGACY. 1963-1993
paintings at Lasso exceed the quality of the paintings, let's
say, the Sahara cave paintings, which have been dated at
nearer twenty-three to twenty-seven thousand B.C.
1 have a slide of a South African cave painting which
predates the Sahara painting but I will talk to you a little
bit about the movement between West and East Africa be-
cause there was a discovery by Keith C. Seele right before
the Aswan Dam was opened. He discovered a cemetery
called Oustulu at Carso. With that particular find he dis-
covered that there was a black civilization that predated
dynasty 0.
MAJOR GENERAL MATTHEW A. ZIMMERMAN
Race, Education, un<) Religion
Chief of Chaplains, Major
General, Department of the
United States Army, The
Pentagon. Awarded Legion
of Merit, Bronze Star Medal,
Meritorious Service Medals,
recipient or NAACPs Roy
^JB^RrjB Wilkin-, Meritorious Service
-"** ^^^ ^^ lB|^ Award, South Carolina
', . IA^ "' Black Hall of Fame, Master
; ' Wf /* of Divinity from Duke Uni-
versity, received the Distin-
guished Alumni Award from Duke Divinity School
Alumni Association in October 1991.
"Then, from early slavery times, when it was discovered
how easily African Americans could learn, and how eager
they were to do so, laws were created and passed forbid-
ding anyone to teach African Americans anything. . . .
"The value that African Americans have placed on edu-
cation has always been extraordinarily high. . . . Through-
out history we would have to conclude that African Ameri-
cans have sought education in every conceivable manner
and at every conceivable level. ... It seems to me that we
have the consequences, which could be called natural, of a
paradigm that probably never should have seen the light of
day, the cultural privatization of ethnic groups in America."
KENNETH S. CHESTNUT
Race, Education, and Budinedt)
Duke Engineering alum-
nus, B.S.C.E. '68, presi-
dent and chief operations
officer of H. J. Russell
Construction Company,
Inc., the largest minority-
owned construction
company in the nation.
Entered Duke in 1964,
one year after black un-
dergraduates were ad-
mitted to the university
for the first time.
"At first 1 wanted to
be a carpenter. I loved
to build. That all changed when I took a mechanical draw-
ing course in high school. I got interested in civil engineer-
ing. I considered other schools other than Duke. I was re-
ally eager and was enticed to come here by my guidance
counselor. It had occurred to me at the time that Duke
was not accepting black students. As an engineering stu-
dent, I found the work to be most challenging. The cur-
riculum 'was oriented toward design and I liked that and
stayed busy. Obviously, from my perception listening to
students at the deans council meeting, there is still the per-
ception of a disparity of workload between Trinity stu-
dents and the engineering students So that has not
changed. We always had more labs and work to do. From
a purely technical classroom teaching point of view I found
the engineering professors were concerned more about
your technical abilities and performance and production
Commemorative Events
**>
55
than anything else. The social issues that we dealt with
were outside of the engineering or technical classroom.
We saw more of that in other areas such as the administra-
tion. We saw a transition over my Four years here. First,
we were glad to be here to the point that we wanted to
make a difference. I am reminded that somewhere here I
am in a photograph, where we sat in at the president's
office to demonstrate our commitment."
DON BRADEN
Race, Education, and Mimic
Tenor saxophone
player, recording artist.
CDs: "Wish List," re-
leased in May 1993,
"The Time is Now," re-
leased in 1991.
Don Braden's
presentation focused
£ on the role of jazz as a
representation of one
ol the true American
contributions to music.
He emphasized the 'ways in which jazz is able to communi-
cate across racial, ethnic, and cultural boundaries.
REVEREND DR. BENJAMIN CHAVIS
Race, Education, ana Economics and Politic,'
Executive Director, Na-
tional Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), graduate of
Duke Divinity School, '79.
"The problems of racial
discrimination and racial
hardship in our community
and in our nation demand
that we have a new wave of
civil rights movement. . . .
The more education one ac-
quires, the more responsibil-
ity one has to share that
learning to help make a contribution to society, and to
open up further doors.
"It was important that I not only was a good student
while I was here, but that I took what I learned at Duke
and applied to where I was being kept, even behind bars.
It wasn't easy being a graduate student and/or being
locked up ... at Hillsborough State Prison. . . .
"I am concerned that, while we've made progress, there
are some forces in our society that want to retrench, want
to go back . . . want to apologize for the progress we've
made rather than pushing forward with more progress. . . .
"I believe that there has been a resurgence of racist
mentality, and that racist mentality needs to be challenged,
not only in the churches, not only by the NAACP, but it
needs to be challenged by great educational institutions
like Duke University. If Duke University can't treat its
own employees right, how can it commend itself in terms
of being an academic leader in a world -where the ideal of
truth is held high?"
56 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
DR. LOUIS W. SULLIVAN
Race, Education., ana the Health Care System in America
^H President, Morehouse
School of Medicine, For-
mer U.S. Secretary of
Health and Human Ser-
vices (Bush administration)
Dr. Sullivan's presen-
tation focused on issues
related to the proposed
health care plan of Presi-
dent and Mrs. Clinton. In
addition, he discussed the
importance of continued
improvement of health
care in black and urban centers and historically black med-
ical training institutions.
PROFESSOR LANI GUINIER
Race, Education, and the New Civil Rights
University of Pennsylvania
law professor, authority on
civil rights legislation, for-
mer candidate for position
of U.S. Attorney General.
"One of the reasons that I
was committed to pressing
forward with confirmation
hearings is that I knew a
Senate hearing was not just
another daytime talk show.
Given the controversy my
nomination had attracted, a
Senate hearing would have
been an unusual, proactive opportunity to turn the atten-
tion of the American people to the unfinished agenda of
civil rights. That discussion must still occur, if not in a Sen-
ate hearing room, in another form created by those of us
who feel deeply about racial justice and equality. And that
is why I am grateful that Duke has invited me here to
speak, which gives me an opportunity, finally, to speak for
myself . . . and to speak at a forum, which I hope is the first
of many such forums, in which to discuss the undiscuss-
able, the meaning of race in America.
"Talking about racial bias at home has, for many, become
synonymous with advocating revolution. ... I do not believe
that talking about controversial issues is what creates contro-
versy. . . . My nomination had become a metaphor for the
state of race relations in America. Remember the policy:
Don't ask. Don't tell. Don't pursue. As a country, we are in a
state of denial about issues of race and racism. For many
politicians and policymakers, the remedy for racism is simply
to stop talking about race.
"So I ask you to join me in a national public conversa-
tion about race, about justice, and about fundamental fair-
ness. ... I ask that you join me in changing the policy of
Don't ask; don't tell' to Ask, and we shall tell. We shall speak
proudly, and without bitterness. . . but we shall tell.' "
Commemorative Events
fr*>
57
Chapter 3
Profiles of a Few
Alumni, Faculty, and
Administrators
BRENDA ARMSTRONG, 70
Brenda Armstrong has a long tradition of service and lead-
ership at Duke University. A native ot Rocky Alount,
North Carolina, Armstrong entered Duke as an under-
graduate in 1966. As a hounding member and chairperson
ot the Airo-American Society, Armstrong quickly became
a vital force in the struggle for racial equality on campus.
She demonstrated her commitment to the cause during the
Allen Building Takeover on February 13, 1969. As one of
the sixty students stationed inside the Allen Building, Arm-
strong led her peers in a protest against discriminatory uni-
versity policies. As a student leader, Brenda Armstrong
mobilized African-American students to voice their con-
cerns as a unified body.
As a Duke student, Armstrong pursued a pre-med
courseload and graduated with a bachelor ol science de-
gree in zoology in 1970. One year later, Armstrong entered
St. Louis Medical School and determined that a career as a
pediatrician would best combine her love tor children and
for science. Armstrong's dedication to Duke and the
Durham community brought her back to the university
when she began her residency in 1975. As director ot the
Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Armstrong contin-
ues to contribute to the university through her research
and teaching.
Dr. Armstrong was instrumental in founding the Duke
University Black Alumni Connection (DLBAC), and has
met with great success in efforts to maintain connections
with fellow African-American alumni. She has served on
numerous university committees, including the Thirtieth
Anniversary Committee. During the tall semester ot 1993,
Armstrong cotaught a house course focusing on race and
education. Brenda Armstrong s presence on campus serves
as both a potent reminder ot the African-American strug-
gles in the past, and as a harbinger of the daunting chal-
lenges that he ahead for African Americans at Duke.
LEONARD C BECKUM
When Dr. Beckum was appointed to the post ot university
vice president and vice provost in 1991, he became the first
black officer of DukeUniversity. In addition, he is a pro-
fessor in the program in education at Duke.
Dr. Beckum received his Ph.D. in psychological studies
in education from Stanford in 1973. From 1985 to 1990
Dr. Beckum was dean ot the City College School of Edu-
cation, City University ot New York.
His research has focused on cognitive and social psy-
chological factors that influence teaching and learning.
Aluch ot this research has focused on the relationship be-
tween such factors as learning styles and their influence on
the ability to acquire computer programming skills, social
psychological influences on cognitive development, and the
influence ot contextual characteristics ot the teaching and
learning environment on how teachers teach and students
learn. Dr. Beckum has published widely on these topics.
Profiles
Vi>
61
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN CHAVIS, JR., M.DIV. '80
As a young bov coming ot age in Oxford. North Carolina,
Ben Chavis displayed a precocious interest in civil rights
activism. By age twelve, Chavis was a card-carrying mem-
ber of the National Association tor the Advancement ot
Colored People (NAACP). Thirty-four years later, Chavis
was the youngest director ever appointed to lead the orga-
nization.
In 1969, Chavis was the first African American to grad-
uate with a bachelor of science in chemistry from the Uni-
versity of North Carolina at Charlotte. He received a mas-
ter of divinity degree from Duke University in 1979, and a
doctorate in divinity from Howard University in 1981.
Chavis did not limit himself solely to NAACP activities, but
also has worked on behalf of the Congress on Racial
Equality, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
the American Federation ot State, Counts', and Municipal
Employees, and the United Church ot Christ.
As a field worker for the United Church ot Christ's
Commission for Racial Justice, Chavis led a protest
against segregated schools in Wilmington, North Carolina.
When Chavis and the other activists refused to leave town,
police accused the group of burning a grocery store and
conspiring to shoot a police otticer and a firefighter. Mem-
bers of the "Wilmington Ten" received prison sentences.
As the leader of the group, Chavis was handed a prison
term ot twenty-five to twenty-nine years. The case received
international attention when the London branch ot
Amnesty International listed the group as the first case of
political prisoners held in the United States. Governor Jim
Hunt of North Carolina eventually reduced the sentences
of the Wilmington Ten. Chavis was paroled in December
of 1979. The other nine activists were either paroled or re-
leased from prison by 1980.
As a commuter trom Hillsborough Corrections Center,
Chavis entered Duke as a unique divinity school student in
1978. Through a study-release program paid tor by the
United Church ot Christ, Chavis pursued a master ot di-
vinity degree. He quickly gained the respect and admira-
tion ot his professors and classmates. Although study-re-
lease regulations prohibited Chavis trom certain activities,
he nevertheless was a deeply committed and invoked civil
rights activist.
During Jessie Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign
Chavis served as the campaign's clergy coordinator. His po-
litical career continued as an advisor to President Clinton's
transition team on issues ot race and the emironment.
In 1993, Chavis left his position as executive director of
the United Church of Christ's Commission tor Racial Jus-
tice to become the executive director ot the NAACP.
Ben Chavis continues to be an active participant in the
Duke community. In December ot 1993, Chavis addressed
the impact ot race and education on economics and politics
as part ot a lecture series commemorating the thirtieth an-
niversary ot African- American students.
KENNETH CHESTNUT, '68
Born and raised in Wilmington, North Carolina, Air.
Chestnut attended Williston Senior High School. He ma-
triculated at Duke University' in the tall of 1964, one year
after black undergraduates had gained the right to attend
the university. In 1968, he graduated with a bachelor of
science degree in civil engineering.
As a student in the School ot Engineering, Chestnut
tound himself in the midst of an all-white environment.
Much of his contact and interaction with other African-
American students occurred outside of his curncular en-
deavors. Chestnut was an active participant in civil rights
demonstrations, both at Duke and at nearby North Car-
olina Central University. He was involved in the Atro-
American Society and the Allen Building Takeover of
1969.
Shortly after leaving Duke with a B.S.C.E. in 1968, Chest-
nut was drafted by the United States Army. He served in the
62 £# LEGACY. 1963-1993
army from 1969 until 1971, spending one year in Vietnam.
Alter completing his brief military career, Mr. Chestnut
began to pursue his interest in civil engineering. He
worked tor the national construction firms of J. A. Jones
Construction Co., Inc., and Gilbane Building Co. lor a
total ol thirty-two years. During that time, he progressed
from held engineer to project executive. In 1989, Chestnut
joined H. J. Russell Construction Co., Inc. The company
is the largest minority-owned construction company in the
nation, and the fourth largest construction company over-
all. In 1990, Kenneth Chestnut was named president and
chiel operations olhcer ol H. J. Russell.
In addition to his position as president and COO of a
major corporation, Chestnut has assumed several other re-
sponsibilities. He serves on the board of trustees for
Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, the board of directors lor
Glen Castle Constructors, the Construction Advisory Com-
mittee lor the Southern College ol Technology, and the
Dean's Council ot the School ol Engineering at Duke Uni-
versity. Kenneth Chestnut returned to campus in the tall ot
1993 to give a lecture entitled "Race, Education, and Busi-
ness" as part ot the house course taught in connection with
the thirtieth anniversary commemoration.
SAMUEL DUBOIS COOK
Samuel DuBois Cook was born in 1928 in Griffin, Geor-
gia. In 1944, Cook enrolled at Morehead College, a histori-
cally black college in Atlanta, Georgia. He quickly distin-
guished himself as both a scholar and an athlete. As an
undergraduate, Cook received an invitation to Phi Beta
Kappa honor society and was awarded all-southern foot-
ball honors. After graduating from Morehouse in 1948,
Cook pursued graduate study through Ohio State Univer-
sity's political science doctoral program. With the comple-
tion of a master's degree in 1950 and a doctorate in 1954,
Cook began his lifelong career ot academic leadership and
service.
Alter two years of service in the United States Army as
a social service specialist, Dr. Cook accepted a faculty po-
sition at Southern University in South Carolina. His repu-
tation as an excellent and dedicated instructor quickly
spread; he was offered several teaching positions in both
large universities and small colleges. He held posts at the
University ot California, the University of Illinois, Texas
Southern University, and Atlanta University. In the fall of
1965, Dr. Cook lett his position as chair of the political sci-
ence department at Atlanta University to become a visiting
professor at Duke University. Cook became the first
African-American faculty member at Duke University
when he was appointed as an associate professor ot politi-
cal science. In 1972, Cook was promoted to full professor-
ship in the Political Science Department and also became
the director of undergraduate studies.
As the first African-American faculty member at a pres-
tigious southern university in the late 1960s, Sam Cook
taced the challenges of a tumultuous academic community
in the midst of profound change. Cook's leadership was
sought not only in the classroom or in the faculty lounge,
but also around the campus and the medical center. Duke
students joined their peers at universities nationwide in the
cry for racial justice, and Duke University came alive as an
open forum for political and social discussion. Students
looked to Dr. Cook as an advisor, a mentor, an advocate,
and a friend.
Steadfast in his dedication and convictions, Dr. Cook
represented the student interests on several occasions.
Cook returned home after the funeral of Morehouse class-
mate and lifelong friend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to
find Duke students in the midst of a major protest. The
Silent Vigil, which began as a memorial service to Dr.
King, developed into a student protest of discriminatory
university policies. Dr. Cook spoke to 1,500 vigil attendees
on April 10, 1968. Less than one year later, Cook would
again demonstrate his support for the causes of African-
American students, during the Allen Building Takeover.
In the classroom, Cook challenged and encouraged stu-
Profiles
9& 63
dents to grapple with the complexities of contemporary po-
litical ideology and American political thought. In 1969,
Dr. Cook received the prestigious Outstanding Professor
Award. After ten years of service, Cook left Duke to be-
come the president of Dillard University in New Orleans,
one of the nation s oldest black universities. Duke has con-
tinued to honor Samuel DuBois Cook. He received an
honorary doctorate of laws in 1979, and was a university
medalist lor meritorious service in 1993. Dr. Cook served
as a member of the Duke University Board ot Trustees
from 1981 until 1993.
PHILIP R. COUSIN, SR.
Philip R. Cousin, Sr., was born in Pittston, Pennsylvania,
and moved to Florida as a child. He earned his A.B. degree
with honors in philosophy and English from Central State
University in Wilberlorce, Ohio, in 1953. He was then or-
dained in the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal
Church in 1952. In 1956, Mr. Cousins received a master of
divinity degree from Boston University. He then pastored a
number ol congregations including St. Joseph's A.M.E.
Church in Durham from 1965 to 1976. His awards and hon-
ors are numerous: He was the first black faculty member of
the Divinity School at Duke University (1967-1979); first
black from a predominately white denomination to serve as
president of the National Council of Churches of Christ; and
the first black elected delegate from North Carolina to the
Democratic National Convention.
MAUREEN CULLINS, 76
iMaureen Cullins came to Duke University as a first-year
student in August of 1972. Born in Washington, D.C., and
raised in High Point, North Carolina, Cullins attended
Bishop McGuinness Memorial High School in Winston
Salem, North Carolina.
"As a high school senior I ■was invited by a number of
colleges to weekends for minority students. I went to a few
for the travel, having decided that Hampton Institute was
the school for me. In November of 1971 Duke extended an
invitation to their weekend. I went and decided to applv.
When I told my high school principal, she replied that I
could never get in, and if by some fluke I was admitted, I
would never graduate — this despite the fact that I was first
in my class. As it turned out I was admitted and with a
scholarship.
"The environment at Duke was challenging for black stu-
dents during the 1970s. Even though I had attended a pre-
dominately white high school, I had never been called col-
ored, no one was intrigued by my hair, nor had any of the
white students complained about my presence in the class-
room or dormitory. There were some openly hostile faculty
members and administrators. To graduate during that pe-
riod was a feat. I responded to the tension by participating
in the Association of African Students. The association was
politically active, addressing such issues as financial aid,
black studies department, the classroom environment, and
the lack of social support for black students. We presented
to then-president Terry Sanford a list of demands that ulti-
mately resulted in the creation of the President's Council on
Black Affairs and the Mary Lou Williams Center for Black
Culture. In search of woman-centered affinity, I was a
founder and first president of Iota Mu chapter of Alpha
Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. at Duke University."
A French and anthropology major, Cullins went on to
University of Pennsylvania to pursue a Ph.D. in linguis-
tics. From there she went to -work for the secretary of the
commonwealth ot Pennsylvania, taught English as a sec-
ond language at the University of Michigan, and worked
as a research associate for the Federal Highway Adminis-
tration. In 1986 Cullins returned to Duke to work in the
division ot student affairs.
"I found that while many things had changed at the uni-
versity, quite a bit remained the same. It was disconcerting
to hear African-American students echoing the same con-
64
<**
LEGACY, 1963-1993
cerns I had as an undergraduate. And, while Student Af-
fairs had responded institutionally, my colleagues pointed to
self-segregation' by African- American students as some-
thing to be addressed by African-American students, not as
a symptom of larger problems at the university. However,
the Latino, Asian, and gay and lesbian students were finding
a voice, and the university was beginning to consider the
value of a diverse community."
In 1993 Cullins was promoted to the position of assis-
tant vice president of student affairs and dean of campus
community development. Her responsibilities include ad-
ministrative oversight for Greek life, the Lesbian, Gay, and
Bisexual Life Center, the Community Service Center, the
Office of Intercultural Affairs, International House, and
the Women's Center. In addition, she sits on several uni-
versity committees and task forces. Cullins believes that
her work supports the university's ongoing commitment to
provide a supportive environment for all Duke students.
JOHNNY DAWKINS, '86
In the fall of 1982, Johnny Dawkins left his hometown
basketball court at Macklin Catholic High School in
Washington, D.C. to wear the no. 24 jersey at Duke Uni-
versity. Dawkins charged into the basketball arena deter-
mined to lead his team to victory; he posed a formidable of-
fensive threat to opponents through the 1985-86 season.
During the 1982—83 season, Dawkins earned a place in
Duke basketball history as the first freshman to receive the
Swett Memorial Trophy, the Blue Devils' most valuable
player award. The Atlantic Coast Conference recognized
his talent as well, honoring Dawkins with a place on the
second all-ACC team. Sporting Newd ranked Dawkins as
one of the top five freshmen in the countrv.
As a sophomore during the 1983-84 season, Dawkins
continued to etch his legacy into the record books. His ca-
reer point total of 1,165 at the end of the season remains as
the highest point total tor any Duke player in a sophomore
year. With an average of 19.4 points per game, Dawkins
earned the distinction of second-highest scorer in the ACC
His 272 assists placed Dawkins fifth on the Duke career
list. Once again, the Blue Devil earned a position on the
second all-ACC team. Dawkins was also selected as an al-
ternate for the 1984 United States Olympic Team.
With a season average of 20.2 points per game, the two-
time all- American guard led the Blue Devils to the 1986
NCAA tournament finals. Dawkins finished his Duke ca-
reer with an all-time record high score of 2,556 career
points. As a tribute to Dawkins s four years of athletic ex-
cellence, Duke retired his jersey, number 24, in Cameron
Indoor Stadium.
After graduating from the university in 1986 with a
bachelor of arts degree in political science, Dawkins was
the tenth NBA draft pick. He began his professional career
with the San Antonio Spurs. After three seasons with the
Spurs, Dawkins joined the Philadelphia 76ers. Dawkins
was leading the second place 76ers in December of 1990
when a severe knee injury put him on the sidelines. Fol-
Profiles £& 65
lowing a year of physical therapy and rehabilitation,
Dawkins returned to the Sixers for the 1991—92 season.
As one of the first prominent black athletes to continue
in professional athletics alter graduating from Duke,
Dawkins holds a distinguished place in the legacy ot
African-American students. His accomplishments serve as
a symbol for the countless contributions of black students
to Duke University.
JANET SMITH DICKERSON
Janet Smith Dickerson came to Duke in the summer of
1991 after fifteen years at Swarthmore College. For the
last ten years of that period, she served as the dean of the
college. She holds the honor ot being the first woman and
the first African-American vice president of student affairs
at Duke. In this position, her purview extends to residen-
tial life, psychological counseling, career development, cul-
tural affairs, international-student support, minority af-
fairs, student activities, and volunteer services.
Dickerson grew up in a small town in South Carolina,
and went to Western College for Women, now part of
Ohio s Miami University. Before beginning her fifteen-
year tenure at Swarthmore, Dickerson taught English and
worked as a guidance counselor in Cincinnati high schools.
She spent five years at Indiana's Earlham College as asso-
ciate dean of students and assistant professor of education.
WILLIAM C TURNER, JR. , 70, M.DIV. 74, PH.D '84
For Duke Divinity School professor William C. Turner,
who matriculated in 1966, black students' hopes and ambi-
tions were tempered by an unspoken understanding of
how to follow the guidelines already in place.
"You have to remember that we grew up in a pre— civil
rights era," says Turner. "Our experience was one of segre-
gation: segregated communities, segregated churches, segre-
gated schools. We remember separate water fountains. We
remember sitting in the back of the bus. It was American
apartheid, and we grew up learning rules of behavior and
conduct around that reality. It's hard to describe for some-
one who wasn't there what an alien world it was."
Despite the alienation Turner never considered leaving,
"because there 'was a pioneering spirit among us. You
weren't just doing it for yourself; you were doing it for
your parents, your school teachers, and for your commu-
66 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
nity. Back home we were celebrities; we were doing some-
thing new and revolutionary.
"And you always knew what the rules were. Eventually
it became a matter of deciding which rules you were going
to (ollow and which you were going to break. You do that
according to your own personal and moral integrity. You
break them when you just can't continue with the way
things are. And you don't break them when you don't feel
like putting up that energv-
"That is something that many people never fully com-
prehended about [the difference between] segregation and
separation. Some things that we've developed — forms of
expression and cultural conventions — are things that we as
African Americans like [more than the white equivalent].
In many cases, we've never been sold on the superiority of
the white culture or the white way of doing things. So you
don't break the rules and put out the energy when you are
going to like what you get less than what you had. But that
was never the issue. The issue was the equality of opportu-
nity; how funds, privileges, and benefits are allocated. . . .
"Even after twenty-five years, I still have the feeling
that I'm breaking the rules by being here. My son feels at
home here; he can run around the Gardens and go the top
of the Chapel and he feels that this place is his. And on one
level I feel like that too. But on a deeper level, I know the
history of my presence here."
dents. Zimmerman entered Duke in the fall of 1962. After
receiving his degree from Duke in 1965, Zimmerman was
ordained at the National Baptist Convention. He remained
in academic communities, serving as a campus minister at
Idaho State University and at Morris College in South
Carolina. Zimmerman continued his own studies at Long
Island University, and earned a second master's degree in
guidance counseling.
By 1967, Matthew Zimmerman was ready to begin his
military career. Commissioned as a captain and serving as a
clergyman, Zimmerman attended the United States Army
Command and General Staff College as well as the United
States Army War College. His coursework included chap-
lain officer training, programming, budgeting, and personal
management for executives. Zimmerman has continued to
rise through the ranks of the armed forces. He has been
sworn into the office of United States Army Chief of Chap-
lains, assuming the rank of major general in 1990.
Zimmerman has not forgotten his time at Duke Univer-
sity and continues to share his leadership and wisdom with
the university community. He returned to Duke to deliver
the Martin Luther King, Jr., Lectures at the Divinity
School in April of 1991, and spoke as part of the "Race and
Education" house course during the fall of 1993.
MATTHEW A. ZIMMERMAN, JR., M.DIV. '65
A native of Rock Hill, South Carolina, Zimmerman re-
mained there to graduate from Benedict College with a
bachelor of science degree in biology and chemistry. He
enrolled at Duke Divinity School as one of the first three
African-American students. Zimmerman's acceptance into
the master of divinity program at Duke represented the
culmination of the divinity school's prolonged efforts to de-
segregate — Duke Divinity School was the first school at
the university to petition the trustees to admit black stu-
Profiles ££
67
Chapter 4
Where We Are Now
Iiitititutiona I Policies
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT
Duke University does not discriminate on the basis of race,
color, religion, national origin, handicap, veteran status,
sexual orientation or preference, sex, or age in the adminis-
tration ol educational policies, admissions policies, finan-
cial aid, employment, or any other university program or
activity. It admits all qualified students to all the rights,
privileges, programs, and activities generally accorded or
made available to students.
The Equal Opportunity Policy shall be followed in re-
cruiting, hiring, appointing, and promotion into all acade-
mic or nonacademic positions. The university will insure
that other personnel actions such as compensation,
benefits, transfers, returns from layoff, demotions, termina-
tions; university sponsored training programs; education;
tuition assistance; social and recreation programs; and use
of university facilities will be administered without dis-
crimination on the bases indicated above.
DUKE VISION
Excerpt* from Core Commitment*, September 1994 i.'.ute
Duke University is committed to providing equal employ-
ment and educational opportunities to its employees and
students. The university adheres to and supports all fed-
eral, state and local legislation and fundamentally supports
the proposition that, whether in admissions, the assessment
of classroom performance, hiring, or promotion, the uni-
versity seeks to identify, recognize, and reward individual
abilities without regard to age, race, ethnic background,
religion, gender, physical disability, or sexual orientation.
At the same time, Duke University actively encourages
diversity in its community, for such diversity not only en-
riches the education of us all and better equips us for effec-
tive citizenship, but also contributes to the University's ef-
fectiveness in the larger communities of which we are a
part — city, state, nation, and the world.
The fundamental reason for diversifying our faculty and
student body is that it will improve the quality' of education
at Duke. Although some may feel a moral obligation to ex-
pand our recruitment of both faculty' and students to over-
come the effects of past prejudice and disadvantage and to
reflect more fully the diversity' of our society', the link be-
tween diversity' and academic quality is compelling in itself.
Education depends on learning things you did not know be-
fore. This can be done through books of history or lab ex-
periments or works of art or anthropological explorations.
But it can also be done by talking to, working alongside, liv-
ing with, people whose perspectives are quite different from
our own. The most powerful learning experiences come
when we share the experience of reading history- or look-
ing at art or talking about philosophy with people whose
geographic or economic backgrounds are unlike our own,
people of opposite sex or a different race, who do not take
the same things for granted. The multiplier effect ot new
ideas filtered through several lenses is a powerful way to
learn. Duke is committed to enhancing this dimension of
academic quality.
Where We Are Now
W>
71
ADMISSIONS STATEMENT
Nancy Alston, Duke Undergraduate Admissions
There is no formula for success here and no two experienced are the
,<a»it>. Aly father onee told me that you 've got to make your break*
and now I understand what he meant. For me, Duke had been
tough, but I know it was the best because it just feels right.
The statement above, written for a brochure, "Duke Uni-
versity: A Diverse Community," perhaps may be just as
appropriate for today's student of color at Duke as it was
for Monica Reid '87, several years ago. As the university'
celebrates thirty years of African Americans at Duke, it re-
mains a viable choice for those seeking academic excel-
lence and national reputation. The 150 African Americans
in the thirtieth class represents nine percent of the class of
'98 from twenty-eight states. There is no typical Duke stu-
dent, but rather individuals whose academic records reflect
promise and success. Located in the Research Triangle
area, which has been listed as the best place in the nation
to live, Duke University is highly selective, private, and
coed. Over 93% of the students live on campus all four
years. The university offers in Trinity College a B.A. or
B.S. degree and in its school ot engineering a B.S. degree.
A variety of approaches to liberal arts education can be ob-
tained either through Program I— a more traditional ap-
proach to the major, or Program II— a more individualized
program ot study.
Duke is more than just an academic institution — it is a
community in which students live, work, experience, and
grow. To this end, students are supported by a variety of
organizations and offices that include Black Student Al-
liance (BSA), which is a strong cultural force and instru-
ment of change. Through its six committees, four cultural
groups and auxiliary organizations, the BSA strives to im-
prove the Duke/Durham community.
The Office of Intercultural Affairs assists in the develop-
ment ot programs to promote the growth of students of
color, undergraduates and post-baccalaureate students. As
in the tradition ot the Reginaldo Howard Scholarship Fund,
the university has benefited from the leadership of several
African-American students, including two scholars who
served as presidents ot the Duke Student Government.
Students of color have met and continue to confront the
challenges at Duke whether that be in the form of in-
creased attention to the recruitment of black faculty to par-
ticipating in the day-to-day routine of student life. Black
students have done well with graduate/professional school
achievement and securing opportunities in the work force.
In the tradition of former presidents Sanford and Brodie,
and with new leadership from President Keohane, the uni-
versity continues to strive to make this a more pluralistic
society, one where the meaning and spirit of Duke's motto
truly prevails.
72 d$
LEGACY, 1963-1993
African -American
Student Life
BLACK STUDENT ALLIANCE
The purpose of the Black Student Alliance (formerly
known as the Afro-American Society and the Association
of African Students) is to organize and represent Duke's
African-American students while simultaneously educating
the entire Duke community about African-American cul-
ture and heritage. BSA committees comprise of the central,
academic affairs, outreach/community relations, program-
ming, publicity, and social committees. Revelation*) is the
group's newsletter. Activities of the BSA include a Kwan-
zaa ceremony, a Halloween party for area children, spon-
sorship of major speakers, and the BSA invitational week-
end tor prospective students.
Today the BSA, created by and for the black students at
Duke University, continues its role as a cultural force and
an instrument of change, as it strives to improve the Duke
and Durham communities.
OFFICE OF INTERCULTURAL AFFAIRS
Since its inception in 1969, the Office of Intercultural Af-
fairs (formerly known as The Office of Black Affairs and
then the Office of Minority Affairs) has primarily' ad-
dressed the needs of the African American student popula-
tion. In 1991, the office began to undergo programmatic
and organizational restructuring; the name change went
into effect in the spring of 1993. Its goal is to continue to
function as a student service component and to offer sup-
port services and programs designed to meet the needs of
all students of color, undergraduate and graduate. The
office provides outreach to students of color to facilitate
rapid involvement within the university community
through sponsorship of receptions and seminars with fac-
ulty, administrators, and students, mentorship projects,
cultural events designed to support and enhance the acade-
mic and social awareness of other cultural groups, and
conducts institutional research to advance diversity and
help create an equitable educational environment for all
students at Duke University.
MARY LOU WILLIAMS CENTER FOR BLACK CULTURE
The Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture was dedi-
cated in memory of the "great lady of jazz." Since its begin-
ning in 1983 the center has established its significance as the
gathering place on campus where broadly based issues of
social and cultural relevance are addressed. This effort has
been mobilized by such affairs as art exhibits, musical events
film series and lectures.
A Duke University artist-in-residence, Mary Lou
Williams, always had the knack of being in the right place at
the right time. Some of those right places and times include
New York in the 1920s, where she played with musicians
Fats Waller, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Ellington. The
Where We Are Now
9*> 73
1930s found her in Kansas City among such great Swing
Era musicians as Count Basie, Ben Webster, Lester
Young, and Andy Kirk. After returning to New York in
the 1940s Marv Lou surrounded hersell with such Modern
Period giants as Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Dizzy
Gillespie and Charlie Parker.
Coming to Duke University in 1977, Mary Lou Williams
found a larger measure of peace and inspiration than perhaps
at any other rime in her lite, mainly through the response of
the Duke students who understood the serious nature ol her
music. She effected this by playing in her hard, truthful, and
visionary way.
That her vision would continue, she formed the Mary
Lou Williams Foundation, an organization dedicated to the
preservation of her music through publishing and the is-
suance of her recordings. This foundation also encourages
the survival of jazz by placing musically gifted children
under the direction of )azz musicians.
OTHER AFRICAN-AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AT DUKE
African Student Association
Alpha Kappa Alpha
Alpha Phi Alpha
Black Campus Ministries (Fellowship)
Black Graduate and Professional Students
Black Student Alliance
Karamu
Outreach
Prometheus Black
C.A.P.A. (Black Pre-Law Society)
Black Dance
Delta Sigma Theta
Duke NAACP, Collegiate Chapter
Duke University Black Pre-Health Organization
Ehmu
Kappa Alpha Psi
Muslim Student Association
Omega Psi Phi
Society of Black Engineers
Spectrum Organization
Student Action with Farm workers (SAF)
Students of the Caribbean Association (SOCA)
74
d$
LEGACY. 1963-1993
Black Faculty
Initiative Update
A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE BLACK
FACULTY DEVELOPMENT
The Committee on Black Faculty of the Academic Council,
January, 1994
Excerpt
PROGRESS TO DATE
Duke University has not achieved the overall goal set forth by
the 1988 BFI of increasing the numbers of black faculty by
one in each hiring unit. Specifically, 18 of the 56 hiring units
succeeded in adding 25 black faculty members at regular
rank. Ten departments in Arts and Sciences, the School of
Engineering, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of
Law, the Divinity School, and four departments in the School
of Medicine successfully recruited black faculty to their
ranks. In the five-year period, there has been a loss of 18
black faculty. Fourteen left the university (three bv retire-
ment) and four were transferred to non-regular rank or ad-
ministrative positions within the university resulting in a net
gain of only seven black faculty at regular rank.
The Committee on Black Faculty of the Academic
Council reviewed the progress of the BFI at the end of the
1993 academic year by providing the numerical and demo-
graphic information describing the efforts of hiring units,
graduate school departments, and the administrative moni-
toring of the BFI over the five-year period of resolution.
The Committee's conclusions were that the overall goals of
the BFI to increase the numbers of black faculty had not
been achieved, that serious deficiencies in the nurturing of
young black scholars accelerated the attrition of current
black faculty and made recruitment of potential black fac-
ulty' more difficult, and that monitoring and enforcement of
the BFI had been ineffective in promoting the achievement
of the goals of the 1988 BFI. The Committee strongly rec-
ommended that Duke take a vigorous leadership position
in the continued efforts to increase black faculty.
The Committee found one major area of achievement in
the past five years. The Graduate School was successful in
doubling the number of black doctoral candidates as pro-
posed in the 1988 BFI. There was a commensurate in-
crease in funding for such students from $293,201 to
$786,730, a 168% increase in funding over the five-year
period. A total of 52 black Ph.D. candidates were
identified in 19 departments which represented a 160% in-
crease over the five-year period. There remain 27 graduate
degree programs with no black graduate students. While
the Graduate School has achieved considerable success
over the past five years in increasing both the total appli-
cant pool of blacks and other black students, there is still
much work to be done. The Committee found that Duke
faculty need to assume more active roles in the recruitment
and outreach activities of the Graduate School and that the
Graduate School faculty itself should take a more active
role in the developing mentorship relationships with black
graduate students.
The Committee found that monitoring the progress of
the 1988 BFI proved more problematic and requires
significant strengthening. The 1988 resolution addressed
the need for appropriate monitoring of the progress of the
directives of the BFI by outlining specific mechanisms for
review available to the appropriate academic officers —
chairpersons of departments, deans of schools, and ulti-
mately the provost's office — to ensure that good faith ef-
forts were in process to achieve the goals of the BFI. These
processes included the requirement that hiring units un-
able to increase their black faculty' submit a review of their
Where We Are Now
**>
75
recruitment ettorts and hie a new recruitment plan with
the appropriate dean of their school and with the Provosts
office. These hiring units would require approval ol their
recruitment processes prior to the extension of the invita-
tions for campus visits and contingent on the inclusion of
one or more black candidates among the invitees, or upon
a demonstration that every- ettort had been made to iden-
tify a black candidate(s) for an available position(s). This
selection process was to be reviewed by the Office of
Equal Opportunity and approved by the Provost prior to
any extension ot an ofter to other than a black candidate.
The Committee concluded however, that more vigorous
and continuous efforts are necessary to ensure that moni-
toring will work.
76 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993
Afterword
LEONARD C. BECKUM, University Vice President d Vice Provost
Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committee
These pages serve as an affirmation of the extraordinary ability and potential of
African-American students at Duke University. While we acknowledge that this po-
tential has not yet been fully realized, we celebrate the progress that African-Ameri-
can students have made at Duke.
This commemorative year of 1993 has provided time for both introspective reflec-
tion and joyful celebration. During the last thirty years Duke University administra-
tion and African-American students — each group in its own way — have worked to-
gether to change the face of Duke.
The bold decision of the Duke Board of Trustees in 1962 to admit undergraduates
in 1963 successfully dispelled the presumption that a southern institution must be a
homogenous one and set in motion an inexorable progress.
Duke's African-American students, through defiance, expectation, and commit-
ment, endured hardships to help ensure the continuation of that progress.
Much has changed from the time when the few students were admitted to the uni-
versity in 1963 to the reception held for the class of 1998 on August 25, 1993. Not
only are there many more African-American students attending Duke University,
but today twenty-six percent of the undergraduate student body at Duke is com-
posed of students of color. Most Duke alumni, faculty, staff, and students believe
that Duke now offers a comprehensive education, one that is appropriate for a global
marketplace.
During the last thirty years, African-American students have faced daunting chal-
lenges and have left an enduring legacy of pride, faith, and hard work. The university
has benefited from the leadership of this diverse student body and has publicly com-
mitted itself to diversity as an institutional priority.
It is our hope that this publication will serve as a reminder of the past, a call to
awareness about the present, and a prologue to the future.
Where We Are Now ^> 77
Appendix A
LIST OF ALL BLACKS WHO RECEIVED UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES AT DUKE
1966
Or. Anthony Ovewole AB
1967
Dr. Man M. Harris BS
Ms. Wilhelmina M. Reuben-Cooke AB
Mr. Nathaniel Bradshaw White. Jr. BS
1968
Mr. Kenneth Spaulding Chestnut BSCE
Mrs. Doris W. Grant AB
Mr. Alfred J. Hooks BSME
Mrs. Joyce Hobson Johnson AB
1969
Mr. C. B. Claiborne BSE
Mr. James H. Ebron AB
Mr. Charles \Y. Hopkins AB
Mrs. Alma M. Jones AB
Mr. Quenlan M. Jones AB
Mr. Stephen J. McLeod BSE
Mrs. Virginia Anderson Oursland BSN
Miss Deborah C. Wilkerson BS
Mr. Jesse T. Wilkins BSE
1970
Dr. Brenda E. Armstrong AB
Mrs. Brenda B. Becton AB
Ms. Josie K. Claiborne AB
Dr. James S. Dorsey AB
Dr. Michael R. Geer BSE
Mrs. Carolyn D. Gregory AB
Mr. Raymond E. Johnson BS
Mr. Robert J. Lottin. Sr. BSE
Mr. James L. McJimpsey AB
Mrs. Beverly J. McNeil] AB
Mr. Sandy les Pearson AB
Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. BSE
1971
Mr. Lucien Angbo Angbo BSE
Mrs. Clara H. Axam AB
Mr. Tony L. Axam AB
Mr. Malvin P. Barnes AB
Dr. Marion L. Blount BSE
Dr. Ernest L. Bonner, Jr. AB
Mr. Leonard L. Brown. Jr. AB
Ms. Thurletta M. Brown AB
Mr. Isaac Byrd BS
Dr. Sundar W. Fleming AB
Mrs. Adrenee Glover Freeman AB
Mrs. Donna A. Harris BSN
Mr. William E. Hubbard BSEE
Mr. Michael J. Leblanc AB
Ms. Catherine W. LeBlanc AB
Mr. Michael R. Mc Bride AB
Dr. Carl I. Mitchell AB
Mr. George O. Phillips AB
Miss Alice L. Sharpe AB
Mr. Larry W. Shelton AB
Ms. Alexis A. Smith AB
Mr. C. Ma.xie Templeton BS
Mr. Donald N. Williams AB
1972
Miss Oludamilola A. Adegbie BSE
Miss Pheon E. Beal AB
Mr. Robert Brown, Jr. AB
Mr. Vaughn C. Glapion AB
Mrs. David L. Harris BSN
Dr. Robert L. Hines AB
Mrs. Doris L. Holhngsworth-Gray AB
Dr. John L. Hudgins AB
Ms. Cheryl W. James BS
iMiss Alethia J. Johnson AB
Mr. Harvey D. Linder AB
Mrs. Harvey D. Linder BSN
Mr. Gerald J. Moore BSE
Dr. Clarence G. Newsome AB
Mr. Walter I. Rogers AB
Miss Cheryl P. Smith AB
Ms. Linda S. Stevens AB
Mr. Linwood E. Stevens, Sr. AB
Mrs. Benjamin J. Stokes AB
Mr. William C. Warner AB
Ms. Daisy E. Weaver AB
Dr. Sharon D. Whitehurst AB
Dr. Doris Terry Williams AB
Mrs. Fred J. Williams AB
Dr. Myrna B. Williams AB
Dr. Robert L. Williams AB
Mr. Theodore R. Williams AB
Mrs. Wilbert E. Williams AB
1973
Mr. Donnel Isadore Bell AB
Mr. Nathaniel James Bethel BSE
Ms. Anita Goodman Bradford AB
Mr. William Francis Bultman III AB
iMiss Sandra Rose Dorsey BS
Mrs. Valeria Cole Edwards AB
Mrs. Barbara Gaither-Shocklev AB
Ms. Delphine Rollins Garside AB
Ms. Eleanor J. Harrington-Austin AB
Mr. James Robert High, Jr. AB
Mrs. Veronica W. Long AB
Mr. Waldo E. Martin, Jr. AB
Mrs. Elizabeth T. McBride AB
Appendix ty£> 79
Mr. Wilbert L. Mickens AB
Dr. Cassandra Felecia Newkirk AB
Miss Belva Deloris Newsome AB
Ms. Lynne P. Newsome AB
Mrs. Gwendolyn S. Parker AB
Mr. Charles Edward Staten AB
Mr. Thomas Mickael Todd AB
Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander AB
Mr. Kenneth Lee Whitehurst AB
The Honorable Fred J. Williams AB
Mr. James Edward Williams, Jr. AB
1974
Miss Valerie Ann Bond AB
Miss Clementine L. Bullock BSN
Mr. Michael Anthony Cooke AB
Dr. Gregory Hannibal Crisp BS
Ms. Marian AJlayne De Bern' AB
Mr. Marvin Dale Hursey AB
Miss Sonya Annette Kirkwood AB
Ms. Mary Louise McClinton AB
Mr. Kenneth Bernard Rhinehart BS
Dr. Carol Denise Spellen BS
Miss Beverly Christine Starks AB
Miss Sheila Marie Street AB
Mr. Calvin Warren AB
Miss Barbara Ann Westry AB
Mrs. Patricia H. Wharton AB
Mrs. Faith E. Whitehurst-Miller AB
1975
Airs. Shauna Singletary Alami AB
Mr. Robert Eugene Bell AB
Mrs. Deloryce P. Bright AB
Ms. Linda Darnell Childs AB
Mr. Ernest T. Clark, Jr. AB
Mr. Reginald J. Clark AB
Mr. Richard E. Coachman. Jr. AB
Mr. Michael J. Cromartie BSE
Mrs. Rachelle Laurice Dennis-Smith AB
Dr. James M. Douglas, Jr. BS
Dr. Stephanie Ballentine Ellerbe BS
Dr. Carolyn A. Evans AB
Mr. George E. Gadson AB
Mr. Walter Thomas Geer, Jr. BSE
Mrs. Darlene Mitchell Hoard BS
Miss Linda Francenia Hooker BS
Miss Sheila Alaria King AB
Mrs. Brenda H. Lackey AB
Mrs. Adeyinska Lawson BSE
Miss Brenda L. Malloy AB
Ms. Janice L Mathis AB
Miss Jacqueline McKinney AB
Miss Hermione B. McNair BSN
Ms. Carmita Denise Moreland AB
Ms. Kathy Elaine Pepper AB
Ms. Ethei A. Piggee BS
Mrs. Phylis Harris Ragland BSN
Dr. Rueben N. Rivers AB
Mr. Charles H. Shaw. Jr. BS
Miss Bevelyn Gale Shernll AB
Mr. Charles R. Sherwood, Jr. AB
Alls. Gwendolvn R. Simmons AB
Ms. Sheryl D- Willert AB
Dr. Charles W. Williams. Jr. AB
Als. Claudia A. Withers AB
1976
Aliss Leslie L. Atkinson AB
Dr. Ezell S. Autrey BS
Airs. Adrienne K. Barnhill AB
Als. Angela P. Bowser AB
Air. Joseph E. Bradshaw, Jr. AB
Airs. Iris L. Branch AB
Airs. Germaine F. Brewington AB
Aliss Norma Al. Brown BSN
Air. Lawrence Al. Campbell AB
Airs. Barbara H. Collins AB
Air. Laniel Alatthew Crawford AB
Ms. Alaureen D. Cullins AB
Als. Sandra A. Dockett BSN
Ms. Alelea Epps AB
Aliss Patricia D. Evans AB
Rev. George St. A Ferguson, Sr. AB
Air. Darnley Al. Forde, Jr. AB
Lieutentant Debra Denise Gillespie BSN
Als. Gloria J. Green AB
Aliss June D. Green AB
Dr. Sherry L. Hall BS
Mr. Terry D. Harris AB
Mr. Randolph B. Henderson, Jr. AB
Air. Guilford R. Hill AB
Air. Keith Alaurice Hill BS
Mr. Willie A. Hodge III AB
Aliss Sandra A. Jackson AB
Airs. Brenda Washington Jahns AB
Air. Leon Al. James AB
Air. Timothy S. Johnson AB
Ms. Deborah D. Kennedy AB
Dr. Okafor Alang Lekwuwa AB
Air. Lorenzo Alartinez AB
Air. Oscar S. Mayers, Jr. BS
Als. Audrey W. McCrarv AB
Air. Curtis W. Aliller AB
Air. John Kevin Aloore BS
Gail N. Morgan AB
Mr. Alichael R. Alorgan AB
Air. George Isaac Aloses AB
Airs. Donna Chatman Owens BS
Aliss Stephanie G. Ramsev AB
Als. Angelene Yvonne Reid AB
Mrs. Angela Ducker Richardson AB
Air. Clemon H. Richardson, Jr. AB
Airs. Alarilyn Wise Roberts AB
Aliss Vanessa L. Roberts AB
Air. Donald Shaw AB
Air. Troy Slade AB
Air. Benjamin J. ' tokes AB
Air. Donnie Ray Tuck AB
Als. Renee Clarissa Wilder AB
Als. Audrey AlcBath Wilson BSE
Airs. Rhonda Reid Winston AB
1977
Als. Irvenia W. Allen AB
Air. Gilbert R. Avers AB
Air. Philippe Ayivor AB
Air. Anthony V. Baker AB
Air. D Alichael Bennett AB
Airs. Trudie P. Bolles AB
Als. Pamela D. Brown AB
Air. Grover C. Burthev, Jr. AB
80 <iSp LEGACY, 1963-1993
Mrs. Valerie R. Calloway BS
Ms. Winifred Y. Carson AB
Mr. Anthony Sai-Yuen Chong BSK
Ms. Loretta King Connor AB
Dr. Armah Jamale Cooper AB
Mr. Juan Maurice Corders AB
Mr. Hairston Crews AB
Mr. Ruiz M. Cristobal AB
Ms. Kim Lori Davenport AB
Mr. Lee Roy Davis AB
Mr. Allan C. Delaine AB
Ms. Wanda Bryant Douglas AB
Mr. Charles Enyinnaya Ekeleme, Jr. BSE
Mr. Wilbert J. Fletcher, Jr. AB
Dr. Johnnie Ford AB
Mr. Whitfield Gaston, Jr. AB
Ms. Pamela Stanback Glean AB
Mr. Arthur S. Gore AB
Ms. Fredessa D. Hamilton AB
Mr. William Henry Hannon AB
Mr. George Alexander Harris AB
Mr. Michael E. Harris BS
Mr. Mitchell T. Harris BS
Mr. William Otis Haston, Jr. AB
Mr. Charles H. Hill, Jr. AB
Mr. Bradford K. Holland. Jr. AB
Miss Constance G. Hunter AB
Miss Deborah C. Jenkins AB
Mr. Kirk A. Johnson AB
Mr. Reginald D. Jones AB
Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones AB
Ms. Kay Patrice Kindred AB
Mr. George Anthony Long AB
Miss Linda D. Lyons AB
Miss Mary E. Mahoney AB
Mrs. Carolyn Wimbly Martin AB
Mr. Nathaniel Earl Martin AB
Ms. Elzina Von McCants AB
Mrs. Selena G. Miller AB
Ms. Doryce E. Moore AB
Ms. Karen B. Neale AB
Mrs. Helena G. Nord AB
Mrs. Vickie B. Ogunlade AB
Dr. Barry D. Oliver BS
Mr. James E. Pailin, Jr. AB
Ms. Lorin Peri Palmer AB
Mr. Philip J. Penn AB
Ms. Cassandra Gayle Perry AB
Mr. Joe C. Person AB
Miss Vickie L. Price AB
Mrs. Pamela J. Reis BSN
Ms. Wanda Settles Faily Saleem AB
Mr. Michael Lloyd Smith AB
Ms. Robin E. Smith BS
Mr. Arnett Wayne Strickland BS
Mr. Daniel B. Taylor III AB
Miss Wanda R. Tucker AB
Mrs. Janis Huff Upshaw AB
Mr. Lawrence V. Upshaw AB
Miss Jacqueline L. Welch AB
Mr. Reden R. Williams III AB
Mr. Charles E. Williamson, Jr. AB
'' Mrs. Portia T. Williamson AB
Miss Sheila D. Witherspoon AB
Mr. Charles R. Wright, Jr. AB
Mr. Morrice Young AB
1978
Ms. Josie A. Alexander AB
Ms. Laree Y. Allston AB
Ms. Rachael E. Arrington AB
Mrs. Felicia H. Baptiste AB
Mr. Michael Barney AB
Mrs. Jacqueline Davis Belton AB
Mrs. Krista T. Benjamin AB
Ms. Avis Toppin Bent AB
Mr. Arnold R. Blakney AB
Mr. Wilson Douglas Brame AB
Dr. Kenneth M. Brantley BS
Ms. Mildred McNair Brown AB
Ms. Pamela A. Busby AB
Mr. Douglas G. Byrd BSE
Mrs. Christine Powell Cameron BS
Mrs. Sharon Tapscott Campbell AB
Mr. R. David Cobbs, Jr. AB
Ms. Jacqueline L Coleman AB
Ms. Lisa D. Cooper AB
Ms. Stephanie H. Cox AB
Dr. Lindsey E. Crumlin, Jr. BSE
Dr. Georgette A. Dent BS
Lieutentant Jacob Dixon III AB
Dr. Samuel T. Dove AB
Ms. Paula M. Ellison AB
Ms. Beverly A Foster-Bailey AB
Mr. Willard Otis Freeman AB
Ms. Vinnetta Golphin-Wilkerson AB
Mr. Jeffrey Edward Green AB
Ms. Fern E. Gunn AB
Ms. Sansa T. Hackney AB
Ms. Marguerite Michele Hester AB
Mr. Dawson Horn III AB
Mr. Peter F. Hurst, Jr. AB
Dr. Larry G. Johnson BS
Ms. Phyllis P. Jones AB
Mr. Robert A. Kusnetz BSE
Mr. Donald Jerome Leverett BS
Ms. Felicia Yvette Lewis AB
Ms. Jewel Denise Logan AB
Ms. Tamarah Virginia Malval BS
Mr. Bruce Edwin Mattox AB
Mrs. Sheila Thurmond Mayers AB
Mr. James Lawrence Morse, Jr. AB
Mr. George Anthony Neale AB
Mrs. Beatrice J. Nealy AB
Ms. Donna E Peterson BSE
Dr. Alton W. Powell III BS
Mrs. Teressa A. Richardson AB
Ms. Sonya I. Ross BS
Mr. Landry C. Smith III AB
Ms. Frances Melvina Strickland AB
Dr. Rosita M. Thomas AB
Mrs. Marcia Brown Tyree AB
Mr. Douglas Seige Wainer AB
Mr. John E. Wiley AB
Mr. Neil G. Williams AB
Mr. Lonnie A. Wilson AB
Ms. Rosemary E. Wilson AB
. Ms. Desiree P. Worsley AB
Ms. Addie Wright AB
Dr. Gary R. Yates AB
1979
Dr. Gwendolyn D. Alexander AB
Ms. Rhonda Karin Allen AB
Mr. Fekadu Asrat BSE
Appendi)
9*
81
Mrs. Jessica S. Ayivor AB
Ms. Valerie J. Barnwell BS
Mr. Sylvanus Garnet Bent, Jr. BSE
Mr. Brett Erik Chambers AB
Mr. Earl Lee Cook AB
Senor Miller Grant Cunningham AB
Mrs. Ernest C. Davenport AB
Mr. Ernest Clifford Davenport, Jr. BS
Mr. Larry- Eugene Dobv. Jr. AB
Mr. Robert Louis Durrah, Jr. AB
Mr. Frank Edward Emory', Jr. AB
Ms. Ivy Gail Exum AB
Ms. Paula J. Frederick AB
Ms. Sandra L. Frederick AB
Ms. Carol Renae Geer AB
Ms. Anne-Marie K. Gilfillian BSE
Ms. Serenna Gillooly AB
Ms. Andrea Denise Grant BS
Ms. Lillian L. Gray AB
Mrs. Jacqueline Armstrong Great AB
Mrs. Karen M. Harris AB
Als. Rosemary' Renita Harris AB
Mrs. Theresa B. Harris AB
A\s. Jocelyn E. Henderson BS
Mr. Michael Miller Holyfield AB
Air. Gregory A. Hudgins AB
Ms. Angela T. Lan AB
Airs. Zaiatantce J. Lipscomb AB
Ms. Catherine Erlene Lyde AB
Airs. Lisa Borders Alarbury AB
Dr. Anita Louise Alartin BS
Air. Derrick Banks Alashore AB
Als. Brenda A. Alauss AB
Mrs. Lynne J. Ale David AB
Air. John Dexter AlcDonald, Sr. AB
Air. Carl D. AlcGee AB
Ms. Angela Smalley Aliller AB
Air. Charles P. Alonroe AB
Air. Harold Lawrence Alorrison, Jr. AB
Air. Larry Odom AB
Air. Ifendu N. Okpan AB
Air. Stephen K. Okruw AB
Mr. Jean Derek Penn AB
Air. Dana Ernest Perry AB
Airs. Darlene J. Porter AB
Air. Karren O'Neal Rhem BS
Als. Barbara Hobbs Rhodes BSN
Dr. Clifford R. Seward BS
Als. Lahoma Smith AB
Dr. Duane Thomas Smoot BS
Als. Sheila Ann Stamps BS
Air. Louis Starks AB
.Ms. Sigrid Al. Taylor AB
Als. Charita H. Turner AB
Air. Ronnie Turner AB
Dr. Joseph William Weaver, Jr. AB
Als. Tarlouh Alorgan Wiggins AB
1980
Als. Linda D. Alexander, Esq. AB
Als. Stephanie Willette Banks AB
Als. Karen Yolanda Bond- Louden AB
Air. Marvin Lewis Brown AB
Als. Stephanie Smith Brown AB
Als. Daryl Alice Browne AB
Dr. Deena L. Buford AB
Als. Rhonda Eileen Butcher AB
Aliss Felicia Alarie Cassels AB
Air. Cyril Leon Caurthens AB
Airs. Ten Delanie Dansbv AB
Air. Eugene H. Dibble IV AB
Air. Stanley Bertram Driskell AB
Als. Karen Norma Dunn AB
Als. Daphne Denise Duverney AB
Als. Alillicent Delisa Few AB
Air. Byron Lamont Godwin AB
Dr. Paula G. Gomes AB
Dr. Battiste Barnwell Grayson BS
Als. Karyn Allison Greenfield BS
Als. Kendra Yvette Hamilton AB
Als. Sharon Alarie Henry AB
Air. Richard Devois Hunter, Jr. BSE
Ms. Tonka Hudson Irish AB
Als. Jerma Ann Jackson AB
Als. Deborah Francine Johnson AB
Als. Joia Alishaaron Johnson AB
Dr. Alfred Lewis Knox. Jr. BS
Als. Gabrielle Dominique Lange AB
Air. Warren Alarvin Lankford AB
Air. Lyndon Derrick Lewis AB
Ms. Joan R. AlcGlockton AB
Air. William Howard AlcGlockton II AB
Mr. Richard George Alurray AB
Als. Debbie Cashaw Parks AB
Als. Alary Olivia Polk BSE
Dr. Felicity Araba Quansah BS
Air. Gregory Wade Ramsey BSE
Als. Tonyia Alarie Rawls AB
Als. Stephanie R. Reevers AB
Mr. Ronald Marcus Reid BSE
Als. Joni H. Roach AB
Airs. Cynthia Cooper Robinson AB
Air. Bryan Sylvester Shepherd AB
Air. Alark Jeffrey Smalls AB
Als. Lucile Patricia Smith AB
Als. Deena Annel Spaulding-Penn AB
Als. Georgine Wanda Stewart AB
Mr. Arthur Chester Stowe, Jr. BS
Als. Valerie Anita Thompson AB
Air. Robert Clifford Vowels, Jr. AB
Als. Tina Alarie Waddell AB
Dr. Cheryl Lynn Walker AB
Air. Alarlon Lebrone Walker BS
Air. Wilbert Washington II AB
Air. David Alaurice Watson AB
Mrs. Renita M. Williams AB
Airs. Sharone F. Williams AB
Als. Cheryl Edley Worford AB
1981
Als. Sharon President Alston AB
Air. Wilton Dale Alston BSE
Als. Vikki Al. S. Andrews AB
Air. Eugene Lavon Banks, Jr. AB
Als. Joan Theresa Barnes AB
Air. Kenneth Royce Barrett AB
Air. Stephen George Bond BSE
Als. Alyrtle Catherine Buchanan AB
Air. Eric Charles Bultman AB
Mr. Larry Chisolm AB
Air. Kristopher Allan Coombs BSE
Als. Ramona Y. Curbeam BS
82
*z
LEGACY. 1963-1993
Ms. Joan Jennifer Dickerson BS
Miss Alvita S. Eason AB
Ms. Margaret Ekwutozia Edozien AB
Dr. Percita Loren Ellis BSE
Dr. Thomasena La Roya Ellison BSE
Ms Angela Denise Green AB
Mr. John David Harrell III AB
Mr. Dyderd Alexander Harris BS
Mr. Johnnie Ramseur Hemphill, Jr. AB
Mrs. Anita Elev Hilson AB
Dr. Keith Marshall Horton AB
Mrs. Janice Land Hudson AB
Als. Sandra Yvonne Jackson AB
Mr. Anthony Steven Johnson BSE
Ms. Fredenca Cadelle Johnson AB
Dr. Larry Nathaniel Johnson BS
Dr. Lvnt Bvron Johnson AB
Mr. Michael Perrin Jones BSE
Ms. Sandra Jo Jones BS
Mr. Herschel Bernie Kenney BS
Mr. Larry Rolando Linney AB
Mr. Emanuel Alexander Lipscomb, Jr. AB
Ms. Cornelia Aldrena Mabry AB
Ms. Andrea Danelle Martin AB
Dr. Carl Emery McCants BSE
Mr. .Michael Andre AlcGlockton BSE
Mr. Mark Adrian McNeil BSE
Ms. Evdie Germaine Miller-Ellis AB
Ms. Roseanne Moore BSN
Als. Jan Lavonne Alurray AB
Ms. Natalie Cassandra Nicholson BS
Mrs. Cynthia B. Palmer AB
Mrs. Cheryl Denise Pappy BSE
Ms. Debbie Lavette Perry AB
Air. James Frederick Pincham AB
Ms. Anne Marie Powell AB
Mrs. Phyllis Moore Razeeq AB
Airs. Paula J. Saylor- Robinson BS
Ms. Susan Dianne Simms AB
Dr. Michael Anthony Smith AB
Ms. Adrianne Patrice Strickland AB
Air. Gary Bernard Strong AB
Alajor Denise Sears Taylor AB
Als. Nina Regina Tucker BS
Air. William Morton White, Jr. AB
1982
Als. Jennifer Lauren Allen AB
Als. Allvson-Jenine Anderson AB
Captain Jeffrey Louis Artis AB
Als. Angela Josette Battle BS
Als. Sterhn Alonteil Benson AB
Als. Joyce Willette Bowling BS
Air. Charles Emanuel Bowser AB
Air. Dwight Alexander Canada AB
Air. Andre Paul Carey AB
Ms. Donna Alaria Coleman BS
Air. Keith Eugene Crenshaw AB
Dr. Angela Faye Crisp BS
Als. Rhonda Dee Cunningham AB
Als. Kimberly Fawn Delaney AB
Mr. Atta Panyin Derkyi AB
Air. Atta Kakra Derkyi AB
Airs. Valerie Al. Diamond AB
Air. Bryan Keith Fair AB
Als. Dawn Denise Frisby AB
Air. Augustine Edward Garrett, Jr. BS
Als. Cynthia Kay Glover AB
Ms. Lisha W. Goins AB
Air. Reginald Equilla Gordon AB
Air. Elton Lewis Grant BS
Air. Timothy Randolph Handy AB
Air. Arthur Roy Henderson, Jr. AB
Als. Kim Alatthews Henderson BS
Als. Margaret Ann Henderson BS
Air. Ralph Emerson Higgs AB
Lieutentant Howard Chester Hill AB
Als. Tera Wanda Hunter AB
Dr. Paul Bishop Jenkins BS
Air. Jeffrey Wayne Johnson AB
Air. Cedric Decorrus Jones AB
Air. Drew Stevens Jones AB
Airs. Alelanie Davis Jones AB
Als. Camilla Chloe Lawson AB
Als. Ava Elaine Lias-Booker AB
Airs. Angela R. Lucas BS
Mrs. Cheryl J. Lynch AB
Air. O'Laf Sorento Alassenburg AB
Als. Rosa Lee AlcDougal BSN
Mr. James Eric Alclver AB
Als. Lori A. Miller BS
Air. Robert Edward Alobley, Jr. AB
Air. Carroll Edward Alorris, Jr. BSE
Air. Lionel William Neptune BSE
Air. Ellis Paul Nunery AB
Mr. Melvin O. Parker AB
Als. Stephanie Lynne Pinder BS
Air. Marvin Lloyd Shelton BS
Als. Kim Alane Smith BS
Air. David Allen Snow AB
Dr. Laddeus Leon Sutton BSE
Dr. Thaddeus Geron Sutton BSE
Air. Dennis Rav Tabron AB
Air. Vincent Caldwell Taylor AB
Air. Terrence Alan Thomas AB
Airs. Royce A. Warrick AB
Air. Thomas H. Watkins. Jr. AB
Dr. Spurgeon Willard Webber III AB
Air. Darryl Lawrence Webster AB
Als. Vanessa Louise Whiting AB
Captain Calvin Thomas Wilson II BSE
Als. Cynthia Ruth Wood AB
Als. Denise Wooldndge BS
Als. Deserene Holloway Worsley BS
Air. James David Yorker, Jr. AB
1983
Ms. Suzette Armstrong AB
Mrs. EmmaLee S. Battle AB
Air. Joseph Andrew Battle BS
Mrs. Sonya K. Belliford AB
Als. Anna Elizabeth Blackburne AB
Mr. Gary Alan Brown AB
Airs. Alarsha Fullard Carr AB
Mr. Alarquette Chester AB
Air. Brent Overton Edgar Clinkscale AB
Ms. Leslie Carol Cohen AB
Air. Julian Abele Cook III AB
Air. Charles Lorenza Curry, Jr. AB
Air. Leon Entea Dantzler, Jr. BS
Air. Donnovan George Dunklev AB
Dr. Jacquelyn Dunmore-Griffith BS
Air. Alark Alitchell Epperson AB
Air. Dallas Foster, Jr. BSE
Ms. Deidra Gilliard AB
Als. Sharon Eva Grambv AB
Appendi;
<ft 83
Mr. Isaac Hughes Green AB
Ms. Angelia Willette Heughan BSE
Ms. Rinelda Maraikia Horton BS
Ms. Terrilyn Renee Howell AB
Mrs. Hamida Jackson-Little AB
Ms. Patricia Doreen Jacocks AB
Ms. Sheila Doreen Jamison AB
Ms. Terry- Alarie Johnson BSE
Dr. Mark McClellan Jones BS
Mr. Sam Henry Jones, Jr. AB
Mr. Kenneth Winstead Lewis AB
Mr. Stanley Yvon Little BSE
Mr. Edward Lockard AB
Ms. Karol Page Mack AB
Ms. Sheila Francine Maith AB
Ms. Teresa Ann Miller AB
Ms. Beverly Norwood AB
Mr. Eric John Parham AB
Ms. Dorette Ann Robinson AB
Mr. James Robinson BS
Ms. Rita Narcissa Sanders BS
Ms. Michelle Harriet Smith AB
Mr. Vergil J. Smith AB
Mr. George Irving Spnggs, Jr. AB
Mrs. Sylvia Karen Suitt BSN
Ms. Gena Elyse Taylor BS
Mrs. Donna Gunter Thomas AB
Ms. Lynelle Eveleen Thomas BS
Mr. Glenn Earl Tillery AB
Mr. Emmett Tilley III AB
Mr. George Russell Walker, Jr. AB
Ms. Margo Lewis Walker AB
Mrs. Wendy Diana Knight Walker AB
Mr. Michael Anthony Watson AB
Mr. Troy Kelly Weaver AB
Mr. Edward Leon White, Jr. AB
Ms. Paula Jean Young AB
Mrs. Kathryn Woodbury Zeno AB
Mr. Randy Rodell Zeno AB
1984
Ms. Sheila Anderson AB
Ms. Maria Juhanna Auzenne AB
Mr. Michael Ball AB
Dr. Monica H. Barrett BS
Mr. Derrick Jerome Beech AB
Mr. Christopher Avery Ben|amin AB
Ms. Carolyn Boatwright AB
Mrs. Melissa Ann Boone AB
Ms. Tracy Natasha Bowens AB
Mr. David Lawrence Bowser AB
Ms. Monica Lynn Breckenridge AB
Dr. Colette Karen Brown-Graham BS
Mrs. Pinetta Jan Bruce-Brookes BSME
Mr. Amankwah Buansi AB
Als. Marquita Monique Carter AB
Ms. Valarie Cheri Clayborn AB
Ms. Devonda B. Cobb AB
Mr. William Edro Cook, Jr. AB
Mr. Willie Otis Dixon IV AB
Mr. C. Richard Elam AB
Mr. Michael Conrad Flood AB
Mrs. Katrenia Denise Gallashaw-Mack AB
Mr. Robert Evans Harrington AB
Air. William Lucious Hawkins AB
Ms. Wyounda Veronica Haynes AB
Dr. Kimberly Michelle Humphrey AB
Mr. Norman Archer Hunte AB
Ms. Jocelyn Janine Hunter AB
Mr. J. Richard Leaman III AB
Mrs. Portia Elaine Lemons BS
Mr. Thomas Gene Lighttoot BS
Mr. John Alexander Long AB
Mr. Reginald Otto Lyon AB
Mr. Kenneth Aaron Mack AB
Ms. Tarshia Angelita McGlockton AB
Mr. Douglas Eric McNeely AB
Mrs. Lori Marie McNeely BS
Mrs. Beatrice Denise Mingo AB
Mr. Reginald Keith Moore BSE
Ms. Carol Betina Morris AB
Ms. Cheryl Angela Perry AB
Mr. Dwayne Adams Pierce AB
Mr. Ronald Orlando Sally AB
Mr. Lansing Charles Scriven AB
Ms. Mary- Stenson Scriven AB
Mrs. Love Lannette Sechrest BS
Ms. Saba Shibberu BSE
Ms. Cheryl Denise Smith AB
Mr. David Roland Smith BSE
Dr. Karen Linnear Smith BS
Ms. Monica Renee Smith BS
Mrs. Debra Moses Stephens AB
Dr. Emmett Fitzgerald Steward BS
Mr. Bruce James Sumlin AB
Ms. Robin Odette Surratt AB
Ms. Alonica Olivia Thompkins AB
Airs. Valoria Cheek Thompson AB
Ms. Yvette Walker AB
Air. Fred Douglas McLinton Whitted AB
Ms. Lori Jones Whitted AB
Ms. Darlene Denise Wiggins AB
Als. Loraine Regina Wiggs AB
Air. David Wayne Williams BS
Als. Dorothy Jean Wilson AB
Air. Gary Josiah Wright BS
1985
Airs. Elaine E. Alderman AB
Mr. Ralph Warren Alderman, Jr. AB
Air. Alichael Decorris Atkinson AB
Air. Lester Bernard Bass AB
Air. Justin Francis Beckett AB
Ms. La Shaun Rene Bellamy BS
Air. Gregory Blackwell AB
Ms. Gwendolyn Ann Blount AB
Als. Bonita Pearl Boulware AB
Air. John Alarshall Branion III AB
Airs. Nadina Renee Chapman AB
Airs. Ursula Yvette Chesney-Graham AB
Als. Angela Renee Crowley AB
Airs. Elaine B. Curry BS
Air. Kevin Allen Dorsey BSE
Als. Jerri Ulrica Dunston AB
Ms. Tracy Lynette Durrah AB
Air. Derek Alikoyan Eily AB
Air. Alark Eugene Fowler AB
Air. Bobby Alaurice Glover AB
Airs. Pamela Al. Green AB
Air. Darryl Royce Gwyn BSE
Als. Ingrid Joyce Hall BS
Als. Alaria Catherine Harris AB
84
d$
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Ms. Jacquelyn Michelle Hatch BSE
Mr. Johnny Antonio Hill BS
Mr. Spurgeon Roosevelt James, Jr. AB
Mrs. Marilyn S. Jamison AB
Mr. Kevin Kugene Jones BSE
Dr. Lavern Jones BS
Ms. Alicia Lynnette Latimore BS
Ms. Shirley Anne Lawson AB
Mrs. Holly Angela Lewis BS
Ms. Yolanda Regina Lyons AB
Mrs. Kathy McKenzie-Mitiku AB
Mrs. Ernestine Hobbs Mitchell BS
Ms. Tracey Suzanne Mitchell AB
Mr. Maurice Frederick Parks BS
Mr. Anthony Caryl Peebles AB
Mr. Thomas Reaves AB
Ms. Rebecca Jean Riley BSE
Mr. Stoney Allen Scales AB
Mrs. Songhi Ngala-El Scott BS
Ms. Mary Frances Sheppard AB
Mr. Allen Hayes Sullivan AB
Dr. Jerry Jurgen Taylor AB
Ms. Ramona L. Taylor AB
Mr. Anthony Michael Torrence AB
Ms. Elfreda Olivia Vandiver AB
Mr. Leslie Tod Van Eyken AB
Ms. Melvia Lynn Wallace BS
Dr. Claudia Phennis Weaver AB
Mr. Jeffrey Kent Wicker AB
Ms. Tracy Montez Williams AB
1986
Mrs. Donna Marie Abatte BSE
Mr. Thomas Charles Adams III AB
Mr. Reginald Donzell Andrews AB
Ms. Mary Elizabeth Baker BS
Mrs. Patricia Anne Baker-Simon AB
Mr. Michael Jesse Battle AB
Mrs. Helen F. Borten AB
Ms. Beatrice Yvette Brewington AB
Ms. Jacqueline Elaine Brown BSE
Mr. Lafayette Mario Brown AB
Ms. Terre Michele Brown AB
Mr. David Allen Cantrell BS
Mr. Rodney Matand Carroll AB
Ms. Madelyn Adams Cobb AB
Mr. Vincent Fitzgerald Crump BS
Mr. Johnny Earl Dawkins, Jr. AB
Mrs. Janine W. Dixon BS
Mrs. Susan M. Dorsey AB
Dr. Kiara Sunone Eily AB
Ms. Denise Michelle Forte BS
Ms. Cynthia Denise Fryer AB
Mr. Sedrick Wayne Gardner AB
Ms. Arlvse Louise Gaston AB
Ms. Lisa Adrienne Gladden AB
Ms. Darlene Hayes AB
Mr. David McKinley Henderson AB
Ms. Carole Joan Henry AB
Dr. Charles Leon Herring, Jr. BS
Ms. Sonja Michelle Hines AB
Mr. Darryl Elliot Jackson BS
Dr. Cynthia Loretta Jones BS
Dr. Kathy Yolande Jones AB
Mrs. Monica Scott Juniel AB
Ms. Michele Leigh Knox BS
Ms. Sheon Lorraine Ladson AB
Ms. Charylene Lynne Ledbetter BS
Dr. Allan Andrew Lewis BS
Ms. Anita Cautia Arlene Martin AB
Ms. Kimberly Janine McLarin AB
Mr. Richard Bernard Moore II AB
Ms. Susan Abigail Moore AB
Ms. Karen Yvette Morris AB
Mr. Kenneth Alonzo Murphy AB
Ms. Tanya M. Oubre AB
Mr. Roderick Keith Parker AB
Dr. Michael Lloyd Parks AB
Mr. Thornton Fitzgerald Prayer BSE
Mr. Llevelyn Darryl Rhone BSE
Mrs. Sandi Haynes Robertson AB
Mr. Steven Bailey Royster BSE
Mr. Mark Anthony Rushin AB
Ms. Kimmerly Ann Scott BSE
Ms. Kimberly Reenee Shelton AB
Ms. Karen Patrice Simmons AB
Ms. Paula Una Simon AB
Ms. Shelly Trinette Smith AB
Ms. Deirdre Stanley-Christopher AB
Mr. Max Kenilworth Stokes BS
Mr. Alfred Stovall, Jr. AB
Mr. Peter Sebastian Stubbs AB
Dr. Hemella Lydia Sweatt BS
Ms. Linda Michele Tatten AB
Mrs. Tamara L. Taylor AB
Dr. Douglas Emanuel Thompson BS
Mr. Marion Dennis Thorpe, Jr. BS
Mr. Edward Allison Turner AB
Mr. David Wyman Walker BS
Mr. George Windell Ward BSE
Mrs. Iris Theresa Warren-Edmond BS
Mr. Yelberton Romeo Watkins BS
Mr. Richard Reese White BSE
Mr. Gary Norman Wilcox AB
Mr. Neil Harold Wilcox AB
Mrs. Shelly B. Williams BSE
Mr. Weldon Herschel Williams II BSE
Ms. Charity Suzette Wood BS
Lieut. (JG) Howard Edward Woods BSE
1987
Ms. Denise Hazel Ann Allen BSE
Mr. Harold Tommy Amaker AB
Dr. Tedra Louise Anderson-Brown BS
Todra Anderson-Lewis BS
Mr. Damon Barnes, Jr. AB
Ms. Lois Averil Brown AB
Dr. Sheila Elaine Brown AB
Mr. Aaron Eugene Bryant AB
Mr. Michael Arthur Buckmire BS
Ms. Carin Astrid Burgess AB
Ms. Patricia Elaine Campbell BSE
Mrs. Shena Linette Chambers AB
Ms. Angela Marie Claybrooks AB
Ms. Jennifer Bancroft DaSilva AB
Ms. Jilhan Graham Evans AB
Ms. Lisa Kay Frederick AB
Mr. Chester Arthur Gee, Jr. AB
Mr. Julius Coley Grantham, Jr. AB
Mr. Clifton Douglas Green AB
Ms. Kimberly Karol Lynne Greene AB
Mr. Everett Lowell Harper BSE
Appendix (f^
85
.Ms. Kimberly Ann Hunter AB
Ms. Donna Lynn Jackson AB
Air. David Winston James AB
Mr. Thomas William Johnson AB
Mr. Gregory Kennedy Jones BS
Mr. Anthony Maurice Kellev AB
Ms. Stacv Denise Kennedy BS
Mr. Adrian Christopher Lawrence BS
Mr. Peter Roscoe Lewter, Jr. BS
Ms. Monica Lynne Mapp AB
Ms. Gevelyn Romett AlcCaskill AB
Ms. Dawn Fave Arnngton McClendon AB
Ms. Leah Camille McCollough AB
Ms. Faith Miller-Sethi AB
Mr. Mark Randall Parson AB
Dr. Anja Altheria Patton AB
Ms. Yestima Aladonna Polk AB
Ms. Monica Caroline Reid AB
Mr. Scott Robert Royster AB
Dr. Nancy Alicia Sanders BS
Lieut. Richard Anthony M. Saxton AB
Mr. Reuben Gabriel Schooler BSE
Theresa LaYonne Shannon BS
Mr. David Allan Singleton AB
Mr. Tracy Allen Smith AB
.Mrs. Vanessa W. Sowell AB
Dr. Stephanie Renee Stephens BS
Mr. Brian Christopher Steward AB
Mr. Nicholas David Thompson BS
Mr. Tyrone Void AB
A\s. .Monica Lauren Wallace AB
Mrs. Bernadette B. Ward AB
Ms. Jacqueline Renee Willis AB
Ms. Tara Norma Woolfolk AB
Mrs. Sharon Wright Yarborough BS
1988
Ms. Jennifer Susan Adair AB
Ms. Robin Cokine Anthonv AB
Dr. Sonya Rae Arnold BS
Ms. Charlotte Faith Brown BSE
Ms. Angela Teress Bullard AB
Mr. William Henry Carr BS
Mr. Michael Aaron Conway AB
Ms. Susan Annette Cook AB
Ms. Simone Monique Cutts AB
Mr. Nicholas Hilary- Forde AB
Ms. Tari Sylvia Gay AB
Mr. Reginald Gowdy AB
Mr. Maurice Oliver Green AB
Ms. Karen Teal Greene BS
Mr. Amheric Miguel Hall AB
Mr. John Ceah Hardwick. Jr. AB
Dr. Kim M. Hoeldtke BS
Ms. Anndreeze Vermelle Hudson AB
Mr. Bilk- Matthew King AB
Mr. Stanley George Laborde AB
Mr. Terrence Sedric Laster AB
Mr. Whittaker Mack 111 AB
Ms. Valdasia Shirley Merrick AB
Mr. Robert Stanley Monk. Jr. AB
Ms. Karen Yvette Alorrison BSE
Mr. Jason Monroe Murray AB
Ms. Angelia Portia Nails AB
Mr. Ralph S. Parker AB
Mr. Christopher David Payne AB
Ms. Kirstie Donnvelle Phillips AB
Ms. Olivia Raetta Phillips AB
Mr. Derrick Allen Polk AB
Air. Grover Glenn Roque-Jackson IV AB
Dr. Yernice Royal AB
Ms. Deyv Patterson Russell AB
Mr. Eric Aurelius Sanders AB
Mr. Jeffrey Kyle Sands AB
Mrs. Rom Lauren Seabrook-Iciano AB
Mr. Marcus Yong Smith AB
Mr. Brant Eric Stephens AB
Mr. Kevin Yictor Strickland AB
Mr. Dewayne Keith Terry AB
Mr. George Eglington Thomas. Jr. AB
Mrs. Enid Allyn Patterson Wade AB
Ms. Kecia Patrease Walker BSE
Mr. Steven Lamar Walker BSE
Ms. Deatrice Valencia Williams BS
1989
Ms. Jeryl Yvonne Anderson AB
Mr. Craig Giovanni Bodden BS
Mr. Gregory Joel Boone AB
Ms. Joyce Martin Bravbov AB
Ms. Tanita Bright AB
Ms. Leslie Larissa Bronner BS
Air. Kevin Anderson Brooks BSE
Mr. Stephen Lloyd Buckles' AB
Als. Sharon Renee Burke AB
Ms. Raelysha Kymberli Butler AB
Air. Emeron Joe Cash, Jr. AB
Air. Allan Charles Cave, Jr. AB
Air. Wayne Barry Charles AB
Als. Tracey Alichelle Christopher AB
Ms. Portia Yvette Clare AB
Air. Arthur Francis Clarke. Jr. AB
Ms. Audra Denise Colclough AB
Mrs. Deborah Jones Conway AB
Air. David Christopher Cousins AB
Air. Alarc Andre Crayton AB
Air. Alarc Eugene Curry AB
Mr. Faris Carnell Dixon, Jr. AB
Als. Lori Aretta Dumas AB
Mr. George Emanuel Edwards II AB
Air. Alichael David Fincher AB
Als. Sherrie Ann Finney AB
Air. Carl Anthony Foster II AB
Air. Christopher Franklin Foster AB
Als. Candice Lynette Frederick AB
Als. Alartina Alonique Gams- Bingham AB
Als. Gayle Denise George AB
Als. Shawne Linnette Golson AB
Als. Stephanie Bryan Green AB
Air. Troy Lee Grigsby, Jr. AB
Airs. Titra Gainey Hamilton AB
Mr. Titus Phillip Heagins AB
Ms. Helen Sybil Henry BS
Als. Alarkeeta Elizabeth Hicks BS
Als. Veronica Renee Hill AB
Air. Eugene Clarkston Hines III AB
Als. Keshia Renene Holmes AB
Als. Tracey Lynne Irvin BSE
Als. Sharvette Lathronia Jennings AB
Als. Donna Denyse Johnson BS
Als. Karen Lanise Jones AB
Als. Emett Ornelia AlcCaskill AB
Airs. Alaxine S. AlcCravy AB
Air. John Olden McDonald. Jr. AB
Als. Kathy Nicole Aleadows AB
86
<**
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Mr. Kevin .Morgan Mitchell AB
Ms. Sonva Denise Newman AB
Ms. Erika Janetta Norman AB
Ms. Monica Jane Oliver AB
Ms. Pamela Alison Pickens AB
Mr. EKvayne Adams Pierce AB
Ms. Paula Lynn Puryear AB
Ms. Kim Astrid Reid AB
Mr. John Gregory Rhett AB
Mr. Ali Salim AB
Mr. Brian EKvin Seward AB
Mr. Bryan Hughes Simms AB
Mr. John Franklin Smith, Jr. AB
Ms. Kimberly Anne Snead AB
Ms. Emmanuella Souffrant AB
Ms. Racquel Agnes Stewart AB
Ms. Rochelle Ann Stewart BS
Mr. Brandy Marlow Thomas BSE
Ms. Tiffany Michelle Thomas-Smith AB
Ms. Yolanda Vanessa Van Horn BS
Mr. Clifford White AB
1990
Mr. Gordon Brian Anderson BS
.Ms. Jada Bertina Anderson AB
.Mr. Jonathan Baldwin AB
Mr. Roger Bradley Boone AB
Mrs. Aileen Marie Tully Bost AB
Mr. Harold William Bost II AB
Dr. Ryan Anthony Brown BS
Mr. Gerald Anthony Cephas BSE
Ms. Pascale Chariot AB
.Ms. Claudia Rosama Clark AB
Ms. Debra Kay Coleman BSE
Mr. Madison Keith Daniel AB
Mr. Rodney Dickerson AB
Mr. William Ronald Divers. Jr. BS
Ms. Mechelle Renee Evans AB
Ms. Wanda Gail Ferguson AB
Ms. Stacey Arlene Garrett AB
Ms. Avril R. Greene AB
Ms. Karen Lovette Hale AB
Mr. Vincent Fitzgerald Harris AB
Ms. Joycelyn Lorraine Harrison AB
Mr. Phillip Terry Henderson AB
Mr. Winston Elliot Henderson BSE
Ms. Tamara Annette Howard BS
Mr. John Douglas Howell AB
Dr. Jenniler Lynn Hunter BS
Mr. Don Kevin Johnson AB
Ms. Adne Dione Jones BS
Ms. Antonia Louise Jones AB
Ms. Cassandra Arlene Jones BSE
Ms. Paula Alexandra Knox AB
Ms. Shelley Ann Legall AB
Mrs. Angelica Davis Lilly BSE
Ms. Sherri Dionne Lyons AB
.Ms. Jennifer Woodard Mack BS
Mr. Keith Anthony McAdoo AB
Mr. Carl William McCalla III AB
Ms. Camille Allison McFarlane AB
Mr. Craig Arthur McKinney AB
Ms. Leslie Carroll Meyers BS
Mr. Bradley Allen Mobley AB
Mr. Samuel Dewey Moon. Jr. AB
Ms. Dawn Colette Murphy AB
Ms. Lori Michelle Murphy AB
Ms. Sharon Rena Pittman AB
Mr. Carmichael Shannon Roberts. Jr. BS
Mr. Bennie C. Rogers III AB
Ms. Marsha Lynn Rucker AB
Mr. Randall Hilary- Sally AB
Mr. Christian Michael Sidney AB
Ms. Sharon Angela Skyers AB
Mr. Darryl Eugene Smith AB
Ms. Koyne Denee Smith. Esq. AB
Ms. Sonja Rochelle Spell BS
Mr. Michael David Summey AB
Ms. Marcheta Yvette Tabron AB
.Ms. Kann Diana Thompson AB
Ms. Ranjini Ann Vernugopal BS
.Ms. Angela Evette Weaver AB
Ms. Karen Michon Weaver AB
Ms. Sheila Kenyatta White AB
Ms. Angela Marcene Williams AB
Mr. Arthur Lee Williams II AB
Mr. Fonda Portis Williams II AB
Mr. Rodney O'Neal Williams BS
Mr. Robert Vernon Wilson II AB
Ms. Hope Elizabeth Wright AB
Mr. Conrad Kamal Ziyad AB
1991
Mr. Gerry Rever Adams BS
Mr. Elliard Preston Anderson AB
Ms. Tonya Lynn Anthony AB
Ms. Tamara Wenda Ashl'ord AB
Ms. Michelle Andrina Beaty AB
Ms. Michelle Angelene Benjamin AB
Mr. Curtis Lee Bowe III AB
Ms. Sherri Annette Braden AB
Mrs. Kimberly Dowell Broadnax AB
Mr. Lewis .Marvin Broadnax III AB
Mr. Derrick Carl Brown AB
Ms. Melanie Ladonna Brown BSE
Dr. Dieter Bruno BS
Mrs. Licia Michelle Calloway AB
Mr. Lawrence Edward Cameron BSE
Mr. Darryl Connie Clements, Jr. AB
iMs. Salome Nicole Cockern AB
.Mr. William Maurice Cowan AB
Mr. Eric Leon Creer AB
Ms. Chanty Denise Davis AB
Mr. Theodore Curtis M.Edwards II AB
Mr. Kedrick Nicarlo Eily AB
Mr. Christopher Thomas Partington AB
Ms. Latanya Michelle Ferrell BS
Ms. Carmen Angela Foster AB
Ms. Carol Minnette Gibbs BS
Ms. Eugenia Gayle Goggins AB
Mr. William Christopher Golden BS
Mr. Christopher Bryan Greene AB
Ms. Vanessa Grubbs AB
Ms. Kayla Miche Hamilton AB
Ms. Racquel Lafaye Harris AB
.Mr. Rodney Jerome Hooks AB
Ms. Sonja Lynn Hoskins BSE
Ms. Carla Michelle Huff BSE
Air. James Otis Humphrey, Jr. BSE
Mr. Herman Nathaniel Johnson, Jr. AB
Ms. Arnice Neticia Jones AB
Mr. David William Jones BS
Appendix <^ 87
Als. Melissa Rebecca Kemp AB
Mr. Joseph Arthur Kennedy AB
Mr. Oscar Holder King, Jr. AB
Ms. Phyllis Yvette Lewis AB
Mr. Timothy Marshall Mank AB
Ms. Teresa Janel Marshall AB
Ms. Traci Lynette Maye AB
Mr. Marc Edward Mays AB
Mr. Brian Garland McAdoo BS
Ms. Kimberly Joy McMillon AB
Mr. Ronald Louis Merrick, Jr. AB
Ms. Linell Cristina Murphy AB
Mr. Paul Antoin Nunnally AB
Ms. Catrell Alonique Owens BS
Ms. Monica Lynn Parker AB
Ms. Wyndee Riel Parker AB
Mr. Dexter Vincent Perry AB
Mr. Charles Aionzo Peters, Jr. BS
Ms. Jennifer Lynn Pettie AB
Mr. Erwin Julius Sampson AB
Mr. Nathaniel Silverthorne, Jr. AB
Ms. Melanie Regina Stafford BS
Ms. Tarshia Lorraine Stanley AB
Ms. Karen Strater BS
Ms. Sharon Strater BS
Mrs. Roseyn I. Swann AB
Mr. Jeffrey Walter Taliaferro AB
Ms. Traci Elizabeth Teasley AB
Ms. Buffy Rebekah-Beth Turner AB
Ms. Pamela Gale Vick AB
Mr. J. Gilbert Fields Williams III AB
Mr. Jeremy Demetri Williams AB
Mr. Marc Julian Williams AB
Ms. Tara Lynne Williams AB
1992
Mr. Calvin Wade Allen AB
Ms. Alriye Rochelle Amerson AB
Ms. Martine Natasha Apollon AB
Ms. Marilynn Barcus AB
Ms. Cecilia Suzette Barnes AB
Als. Shanna Jeanine Batten AB
Ms. Meesha Monise Bond BSE
Ms. Cinnamon Danielle Bradlev AB
Ms. Carol Necole Brown AB
Mr. Christopher Edwin Brown AB
Ms. Melissa Ilene Brown AB
Mr. Eric Lee Bryant AB
Ms. Tracy Lynn Carter BS
Ms. Judith Fae Chambers AB
Mr. Eddie Terrence Chavis BSE
Ms. Tamla-Mae Carmen Clarke BS
Air. Milton Antrosdeo Coleman BSE
Ms. Rhonda Elizabeth Collins AB
Ms. Lucy Christina Cruell AB
Mr. James Ray Daniels, Jr. BS
Mr. Brian Keith Davis AB
Ms. Angela Nicole Delowell-Smith
Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Deu AB
Mr. Hassan Abdel Dhouti AB
Mr. Eric Tyrone Dozier AB
Mr. Marcus Edward Dyer AB
Ms. Ursula Monique Edmond BSE
Mr. Christopher Keith Ewell AB
Mr. David Conrad Forde AB
Ms. Alayna A. Gaines AB
Ms. Erin Leslie Gibson AB
Ms. Traci Nicole Giles BS
Ms. Alaisha Timiza Gilyard BSE
Air. Hamlet Darius Goore AB
Als. Heather Alonique Grant BS
Ms. Alarie Christina Grant AB
Ms. Karen Alarie Green AB
Als. Vimla Elizabeth Gupta AB
Air. Garfield Winston Hamilton BSE
Als. Angela Denise Harris AB
Air. Timothy Derrick Heggans AB
Als. Kristin Nicole Henning AB
Air. Alichael Joseph Hester AB
Air. Anthony Keith Hovington AB
Als. Candace Yolande Howell BS
Ms. Regina Nachael Howell AB
Ms. Kristi Aletheia Hubbard BS
Als. Brittany Caroline James AB
Als. Aynesh Louise Johnson AB
Air. Deollo Jorrv Johnson BSE
Air. Alichael Lebron Jones, Jr. AB
Air. Randal Cory Jones BSE
Als. Tamara Raquel Jones AB
Air. Walter Linwood Jones III AB
Als. Shanita Gene Lawrence AB
Air. Jarvis Tremain Lowndes BSE
Ms. Alalkia Kokuyamba Lydia AB
Ms. Valecia Denise Maclin BSE
Mr. Ouinton Antione AlcCracken AB
Als. Pamela Yvette AlcFarland AB
Als. Ton! Terese Aliranda AB
Air. Lance Sterling Alitchell AB
Air. David Evans Uriel Morris AB
Ms. LeNelle Maudine Alozell AB
Als. Theresa Ann Alyers AB
AB Als. Alarie Elizabeth Nelson AB
Als. Stephanie Andrea Nevels AB
Ms. Robyn Katy Pretlow AB
Ms. Tamara Denise Prince AB
Ms. Tonya Terrell Robinson AB
Als. Angel Lee Roddy AB
Air. Kenneth Christopher Sands BS
Mr. M. William Sermons BSE
Mrs. Valdar Vanora Serrant-Coryat AB
Ms. Stephanie Denise Sims BS
Ms. Marietta Sangai Sirleaf AB
Ms. Maria Alice Smith AB
Air. Wyatt Lee Smith AB
Als. Jeanine Annette Southerland BS
Ms. Carla June Spann BSE
Ms. Patricia Staco AB
Als. Cynthia Elaine Staples AB
Air. Kelly Stroud, Jr. BSE
Ms. Phyllisina La Alia Vinson AB
Ms. Naomi Aleta Walker AB
Als. Sharon Lorraine Washington BSE
Ms. Angela Yvette Watkins BSE
Als. Kimberly C. West AB
Ms. Karyn Nicole Wheat AB
Air. Wendell Curtis White AB
Mr. Mark Bernard Williams BSE
Ms. Wendi Renee Williams AB
Ms. Dawn Alarie Woolfolk AB
88 <$$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
1993 Ms.
Ms. Lonia Faith Abbott BSE Ms.
Ms. Elspeth Naa Adjeley Ablorh BS Mr.
Ms. Melanee Alise Alexander AB Ms.
Ms. Angela De Neece Alsobrooks AB Ms.
Mr. Kevin Lamont Alston AB Mr.
Ms. Karen Denise Baker AB Mr.
Ms. Andrea Lynn Boyd BS Ms.
Ms. Sonia Michele Braithwaite BS Mr.
Ms. Yolanda Teresa Brown AB Mrs
Mr. Jose David Clay-Flores AB Ms.
Ms. Tamara Evetta Malia Cleveland BSE Ms.
Ms. Erica Darletta Cofield AB Mr.
Ms. Milondra Beth Coleman AB Mr.
Ms. April Dawn Conner AB Mr.
Ms. Jennifer Lynn Cosme AB Ms.
Mr. Christopher Joseph Davis BS Ms.
Ms. Sherida Elvinese Davis AB Ms.
Ms. Teri Jeannine Dobbins AB Ms.
Ms. Kim Donaldson BS Mr.
Mr. Edward Keith Dubose AB Ms.
Ms. Delicia Joanna Dunham AB Ms.
Mr. Pledger Henri Frerwell AB Mr.
Ms. Yolanda Estelle Fuller AB Mr.
Mr. Derek Everet George AB Ms.
Mr. Brian Houston Gilpin AB Ms.
Ms. Amanda Green AB Mr.
Mr. Michael Anthony Green AB Mr.
Ms. Shonnese Devon Guion AB Mr.
Ms. Jacqueline Amanda Harris AB Ms.
Ms. Kimberly Anita Haynes AB Mr.
Mr. Thomas Lionel Hill II AB Ms.
Mr. Rasheed Martin Hinds AB Ms.
Mr. Jonah Corey Hodge AB Mr.
Mr. Dartaganan Lebron Jackson AB Mr.
Mr. Derrick Todd Jackson AB Ms.
Mr. Doniel Lerance Jackson BS Ms.
Mr. Alphonso Johnson, Jr. BSE Ms.
Mr. George Washington Jordan III BSE Mr.
Ms. Chivimbiso Tawavena Kapungu AB Mr.
Ms. Ayana Nsombi Kee BS Mr.
Ms. Lisa Lois Keise BSE Ms.
Ms. Charlene Yvette Kirby BS Ms.
Ms. Tonya Lineare Lacv BS Ms.
Georgine Marie Lamvu BS
Michele Jeannine Lee AB
Christopher Lavadius McAllister AB
Monica McClain AB
Lorraine Moira McRae AB
Jackie Hodari Merrick BSE
Joseph Shawn Allies BS
Gloria A. Mshelia BS
Bryant Armond Murphy BS
. Catrina G. Murphy AB
Shannon Denise Norns BS
Nwanganga Oziri AB
Malcolm Edward Palmer AB
James Braxton Peterson II AB
Ngai Louis Pindell AB
Erna Annette Rose Pinnix AB
Kamala Lynn Prince AB
Africa Tanya Ragland AB
Sherri Letitia Rankin AB
Michael Quincy Alan Richardson BS
Regina Coleen Sanders AB
Shawn Patrice Saunders AB
Michael Lee Scott, Jr. AB
Bradley Jay Sherrod AB
Vanessa Ann Simmons AB
Ershela Latrecia Sims BSE
Erik Carlton Smith AB
Tyrone Clayton Smith AB
Darrell Jackson Spells BS
Regina Catherine Sutton AB
Robert Copeland Swinson, Jr. BSE
Petra Len Symister BS
Grace Murnvankavunkal Thomas AB
Patrick Bruce Thomas AB
Tyronne Michael Thomas AB
Celena Louise Thompson AB
Nicole Lea Thompson BS
Sonya Adele Thorpe AB
Hardy Vieux AB
Torraine Antjuan Williams BS
Victor Glenn Williams II BSE
Josiane Marie Catherine Wolff BSE
Pamela Elaine Woodside BS
April Yanik Zeigler AB
1994
Mr. Zaid Abdul-Aleem AB
Mr. Sanders Larsen Adu AB
Ms. Nicole Rene Anderson AB
Mr. Kibwe Joseph Ashton AB
Ms. Luna Deshawn Bailey BS
Mr. Robert Baldwin AB
Ms. Natasha Balinda T. Marie Ball AB
Ms. Myla DaVinia Barefield AB
Ms. Ayanna Kafi Barrow AB
Ms. Erica Renea Berry AB
Ms. Denise Alisa Blythe AB
Ms. Tanisha Rochelle Bostick AB
Mr. Thomas Delma Brock, Jr. AB
Ms. Franchesca Dawn Brown BS
Mr. Lavias Martez Burns AB
Ms. Alexious Michelle Butler AB
Ms. Nedra Denise Campbell AB
Ms. Paula Leelannee Coates AB
Ms. Greta Yvonne Cokley AB
Mr. Brian Tolson Colbert AB
Ms. Sana Damali Coleman AB
Mr. Kareem Abdul Cook AB
Air. Cory Lesean Daniels BS
Ms. Kellie Kenyata Daniels AB
Als. Lisa Eugennie Daniels AB
Mr. Michael Thomas Davenport AB
Als. Tanyiki Alarie Davenport AB
Als. Dilsey Marie Davis BS
Als. Kendreia Wynette Dickens BS
Air. Nelson Bernard Dorsey, Jr. AB
Air. Stanley Kevin Dorsey AB
Air. Kenneth Alanuel Durham BSE
Air. Rodrick Dwayne Edwards AB
Als. Lori Briana Epps BS
Als. Sandi Germaine Feaster BSE
Air. David Andrew Ferguson BSE
Air. Kevin Maxwell Ferguson AB
Als. Kymberly Nicole Floyd BS
Mr. Kevin Roderick Free AB
Air. Leroy Wendell Gallman, Jr. AB
Mr. Keith Allen Gill AB
Als. Rhonda Simone Gittens AB
Als. Monique Tisha Glasford AB
Appendix C^
89
Ms. Dionne Renee Gonder AB
Ms. Angela Carol Styron Gore BS
Ms. Dara Anika Green AB
Ms. Lauren Libran Green AB
Ms. Tamara Marie Green AB
Ms. Keasha Danielle Grindlev BS
Ms. Nkenge Alaia Gude AB
Mr. William Hicks Hadnott III AB
Mr. Richard Lamar Hardon BSE
Ms. Michelle Leslie Harris AB
Ms. Tonya Denise Harris BSE
Mr. Mack Nelson Haynes. Jr. BSE
Ms. Felicia Annette Henderson AB
Mr. Clarence Theodore Henry. Jr. AB
Ms. Erica Michele Henry AB
Mr. Grant Henry Hill AB
Mr. Charles Freeman Hogan AB
Ms. Darriel Michelle Hoy AB
Ms. Dasha Michelle Jackson AB
Mr. Antonio Maurice Lang AB
Mr. Christopher Alan Lee AB
Ms. Eva Dolores Liftman BS
Mr. Michael Pak Lin Lukela BS
Mr. Richard Bertram Madden AB
Mr. Kevin Marian Maillard AB
Mr. Duane Laroi Marks AB
Mr. Julian Rolf Alattlew AB
Mr. Christopher Laurence May BS
Mr. Riche Terrance Mc Knight AB
Ms. Traci Danielle McMillian BS
Ms. Valerie Yvonne McNeil AB
Ms. Sharon Dee Morgan BS
Mr. Richard Edward Anthony Morris BSE
Ms. Kimberlev Alexis Nicholls AB
Ms. Shawntay Tica Nickelson BS
Ms. Melanie Michelle Petrway AB
Ms. Marva Vanessa Phillips BS
Mr. Jeffrey Eric Pierce BS
Mr. John Pina III AB
Ms. Karen Rhoberta Piper AB
Ms. Lois Kathleen Price AB
Mr. Kevin David Primus AB
Ms. Tiffani Janelle Pringle AB
Ms. Nicole Ann Reid BS
Ms. Monica Roberts AB
Ms. Katina Nicole Robinson AB
Ms. Tanya L. Rolle AB
Mr. James Albert Rosemond BSE
Mr. Alphonso Jermaine Salley AB
Mr. Charles Dexter Sapp AB
Ms. Katrina Helene Schwarting AB
Ms. Anne Rene Sempowski BSE
Mr. Jamie Alexander Smarr AB
Ms. Ajiri Avanna Smith BS
Ms. Najwa Damali Smith BS
Ms. Sigma Selena Smith AB
Ms. Joy Marie Spangler AB
Ms. Tittany Monique Speaks AB
Mr. Robin Jefferson Stanley. Jr. BS
Ms. Carole Lynn Strickland AB
Mr. Aaron K. Styer BS
Ms. Jacqueline Denise Thomas AB
Mr. Sean Anthony Thomas AB
Ms. Benetta Yvette Thompson AB
Ms. Cansa Marice Todman AB
Ms. Stacv Lvnn Torian AB
Als. Danielle Mane Tuohey AB
Mr. Nathaniel Sekou Turner AB
Ms. Stacey Lynn Walker AB
Ms. Bngette Denise Wallace AB
Mr. Howard John Wesley BSE
Mr. Timothy Terrell West AB
Mr. Jeffrey Lamont White AB
Ms. Ericka Nicole Wilcher AB
Ms. Kimberly Dawn Wilson AB
Ms. Kimberly Rochelle Woodard AB
Ms. Rochelle Lynn Woodbury AB
Ms. Tremaine Sena Wright AB
Mr. John William Young III AB
1995
Mr. Oluwatovin Olanrele Ajose BS
Ms. Lavena Alexander AB
Mr. Paul Andre Alleyne BS
Mr. Frantz E. St. Simeon Alphonse AB
Mr. Gbolahan Amusa BSE
Ms. Ladonna Artreese Armour AB
Ms. Edith Gretchen Arrington AB
Mr. Dion Armand Barrett AB
Mr. Marc Olivier Bayard AB
Als. Armide Bien-Aime AB
Ms. Kali Chimei Billingslea AB
Mr. Kenneth L. Blakeney AB
Ms. Zaukema Neltasha Blanding AB
Mr. Frederick Gordon Brandyburg BSE
Ms. Dawn Felita Brewer AB
Ms. Danette Lorena Bristol AB
Ms. Yolan C. Brow AB
Ms. Clintina Katrese Brown AB
Mr. Kenneth Bernard Brown AB
Air. Talwin James Brunson BSE
Ms. Thema Simone Bryant AB
Ms. Lisa Marie Burgess AB
Mr. Ali Kenvatta Byrd BSE
Mr. Jason Morns Carey AB
Mr. Kahlil Bernard Chase BS
.Mr. Frederick Douglass Cheney II AB
Mr. Michael Edward Coles AB
Ms. Mary Elizabeth Crockett AB
Mr. Lafayette Lajaune Crump AB
Ms. Necnole Davis BSE
Ms. Nancy Mane Marguerite Denizard AB
Ms. Sarah Caroline Arrington Dodds AB
Mr. Richard Dubuisson AB
Mr. William Henry Edwards. Jr. BS
Mr. Courtney Rene Fauntlerov AB
Ms. Christy Donnerte Felder BS
Mr. Sheldon Maurice Francis AB
Mr. Charles Eugene Gentry' BSE
Als. Katina Lashaun Gholson AB
Als. Kia Lynn Glover AB
Als. Tarnisha Antoinette Graves AB
Als. Stacey Alaya Gray AB
Air. Alvin Louis Green, Jr. AB
Als. Benita Angenette Gwynn AB
Mr. .Marcus Anthony Hadden AB
Mr. Christopher David Hall AB
Als. Robin Nicole Hamilton AB
Air. Roddrick Darnel Hargrave BSE
Mr. Loren Alartin Hart BS
Als. Amina Claire Hightower AB
Als. Tomeka Alichelle Hill BS
90
<N?
LEGACY. 1963-1993
Mr. Brian Matthew Milliard AB
Mr. Glenn Landry Holland BSE
Ms. Aileen Marea Dehola 1 lytmiah AB
Ms. Jawana Michelle Johnson BS
Ms. Michelle Dana Jordan BS
Ms. Vanessa Renita Kelly AB
Ms. Milele Likivu Kudumu AB
■Mr. John Davis Lewis IV AB
Ms. Omorotimi Tabitha Lewis AB
Mr. Christopher Michael Little AB
Ms. Ayanna Njeri Lirtrean BS
Mr. David Robert Lowman BS
Ms. Caroline Belle Marshall BS
Mr. Bebvon Kuwait Martin BS
Ms. Tamara Louette Mathis AB
Ms. Tamarra Dion Matthews AB
Ms. Shavonna Monique Maxwell AB
Mr. William Walter May BSE
Ms. Chanda Renee Mayo AB
Ms. Valecia Montaye McDowell AB
Ms. Lisa Lavonne McKinnie AB
Mr. Brian Patrick McLaughlin AB
Ms. Tamara Joy McRae BS
Ms. Jewel Danielle Montgomery BS
Mr. Joel Radell Kenvatta Moody BSE
Ms. Miriam Athaha Moore AB
A\s. Taralee Victoria Morgan AB
Mr. Raymond Earl Morton III AB
Ms. Pegjohngy Lmdrea Moses AB
Ms. Chandra Monique Mosley AB
Mr. Albert Murray III BSE
Mr. Uche Stanley Osuji BSE
Ms. Nicole Eugenia Owens AB
Ms. Kai Ayana Pittman AB
Mr. Xavier Marcell Puretoy BS
Ms. Tivika Latisha Reed AB
Ms. Kimberly Anne Reid AB
Ms. Alecia Marian Rideau BS
Ms. Tameka L. Rolle AB
Mr. Dejanero Marquise Rucker AB
Ms. Latarsha Aline Russell AB
Mr. Tremaine Ansel Sayles AB
Ms. Minka Latrice Schofield BS
Ms. Ameerah Sharif AB
Ms. Dannette Sharmaine Sharplev AB
Mr. .Michael Gregory Sherman BSE
Ms. Shameka Lynn Stewart AB
Mr. Brian Norman Streams AB
Mr. .Mark Allen Streams AB
Mr. iMartiez Johannes Taylor AB
Mr. Claude Jenkins Tellis, Jr. AB
Mr. Charles William Thomas. Jr. AB
Ms. Lashonda Elizabeth Thorpe BS
Ms. Robin Lanette Turner AB
Ms. Beverly Christina Tyler BSE
Mr. Nicholas Antonio Tynes AB
Mr. Damon Kershaw Wallace AB
Ms. Lyntonya Michelle Waring AB
Mr. Abram Lawrence Wehmiller AB
Mr. Sidney Eugene Wells BSE
Mr. Corey Thomas Williams BSE
Mr. Jason Todd Williams AB
Ms. Vida Christy Williams AB
Mr. Gil Eric Winters AB
Ms. Diana Bernice Woods AB
Ms. Katrina Lyn Worsley AB
Mr. Marion Edward Wright BS
Mr. Linnie Lee Young, Jr. AB
Ms. Hishalah Zvulon BS
Appendix ^> 91
Appendix B
LIST OF ALL BLACKS WHO RECEIVED GRADUATE DEGREES AT DUKE
1964
Air. Walter T. Johnson, Jr. JD
Mr. David Robinson II LLB
1965
Chaplain Matthew A. Zimmerman, Jr.
MDIY
1966
Mr. Eric C. Alichaux LLB
Colonel Sylvester L. Shannon BD
1967
Mrs. Annie Ruth Bullock MED
Rev. Larnie G. Horton MDIV
Dr. W. Delano Meriwether MD
Airs. Catherine Gibson Tavlor MAT
1968
Mr. Prentiss L. Harrison CERT
Mr. James L. Hatcher JD
Mr. Nathaniel Knox ALVT
Dr. Anthony Ovewole AM
Dr. Marian L. Vick EDD
1969
Mr. Charles L. Becton JD
Dr. Ernest Bernard Eason CERT
Dr. Eddie L. Hoover MD
Mr. Clarence L. Ledbetter JD
1970
Dr. Annette Kennedy Brock MED
Dr. Willa Coward Bryant EDD
Ms. Joyce Ann Clayton Nichols CERT
Dr. Anthonv Ovewole Ph.D.
Dr. Odell R Reuben Ph.D.
Mr. Roger G. Thurston III JD
1971
Mr. Lewis Bernard Hopson CERT
Mr. Ernest E. Ratliff LLB
Dr. John A. Walker MD
Mr. Harold G. Wallace BD
1972
Mr. Adrian Bernard Boone CERT
Ms. Gloria Clemens CERT
Mr. James H. Ebron JD
Mrs. Sandra Doles Farrington CERT
Mrs. Jacqueline Ellanoa Hall MA
Mr. Samuel Alfonso Herring CERT
Mr. Amos T. Mills III JD
Mrs. Elnora J. Shields MED
Dr. Jean Gaillard Spaulding MD
1973
A\r. Kennv Washington Armstrong JD
Mr. Tony L. Axam JD
Dr. Collins E. Baber MD
Mr. Daniel Terry Blue, Jr. JD
Mr. John J. Davis CERT
Mr. Earl Yester Echard CERT
Mr. Eddie Lee Ganaway AL-\
Mr. Percy Elmer Golson CERT
Dr. Charles Lee Helton MDIV
Mr. William Emmett Hill JD
Air. Clarence Dupre Jones III AM
Air. Eugene Victor A. Alaalo AA1
Mr. Marvin Patterson A1BA
Als. Frances Lonnette Williams A1ED
Rev. Earl Wilson. Jr. A1DIV
Dr. Joanne P. Wilson AID
1974
Dr. Larry Barnes AID
Airs. Brenda B. Becton JD
Dr. Curtis Lee Bowe, Jr. BHS
Als. Evelyn Omega Cannon JD
Air. Curtis Lynn Collier JD
Dr. James S. Dorsey AID
Chaplain John Alichael Guest A1DIV
Dr. Harris Al. Heath Ph.D.
Colonel Louis Alvles Jackson, Sr. AM
Mr. Mose Alphonso Jennings CERT
Air. Herb Proctor Alassie JD
Airs. Jacqueline Kaalund Alburu A1ED
Dr. Gary Francis Newkirk Ph.D.
Dr. Olaogun Oyekola Ogunsola AA1
Dr. Joseph C. Settle EDD
Air. Larry W. Shelton JD
The Honorable Karen Bethea Shields JD
Dr. Kermit O Simrel, Jr. AID
Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. MDIV
Air. James A. Wall. Sr. A1HA
Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander
A1ED
Dr. Jerry William Wiley AID
Dr. Linda R. Williams AID
Dr. Alichael Victor Yancey AID
1975
Dr. Brenda B. Abdelrasoul AA1
Dr. Joan Brown Adams AID
Dr. Alarion Boothe Amory A1ED
Air. Paul Cornelious Bland JD
Dr. Ernest L. Bonner, Jr. AID
Airs. Alartina L. Bradlord JD
Dr. Albert S. Broussard AM
Dr. John W. Chambers, Jr. AID
92 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993
Dr. Linda Ann Clayton AID
Air. Laurence D. Colbert JD
Dr. Arnett Coleman MD
The Honorable Allvson Kay Duncan JD
Dr. Richard Alan Fields MD
Dr. Cynthia G. Fleming AM
Dr. James Rapheal Gavin III MD
Dr. Michael R. Geer MD
Rev. Fletcher Edward Harris, Sr. MDIV
Dr. Alphine Wade Jefferson AM
Bishop Joseph Johnson MDIV
Mr. Morris W. Johnson, Jr. MED
Mr. William H. Johnson JD
Ms. Eleanor J. Lauderdale JD
Dr. Jasper Jones Lawson AAA
Mrs. Elizabeth T. McBride MS
Mr. Stephen J. McLeod MBA
Dr. Marvin Louis Morgan MDIV
Dr. Clarence G. Newsome MDIV
Ms. Lynne P. Newsome MED
Dr. Olaogun Oyekola Ogunsola Ph.D.
Miss Cheryl P. Smith JD
Mr. Samuel P. Stafford II JD
Dr. Edward Louis Treadwell MD
Ms. Gloria Alyce Wheatley AM
Dr. Robert L. Williams MD
1976
Chaplain Johnny Lee Adams A1DIV
Mr. Allard Albert Allston III JD
Miss Barbara Ruth Arnwine JD
Rev. Michael Anthony Battle, Sr. MDIV
Rev. Yvonne Beasley MDIV
Rev. John J. Borens MDIV
Rev. Andrew W. Brown, Jr. MDIV
Miss Marie A. Burris BHS
Mr. Willie Eugene Butler MDIV
Ms. Linda Susan Cameron AA1
Mr. Nathaniel Cameron BHS
Ms. Evelyn Omega Cannon LLM
Mr. Wayne Evertt Crumwell JD
Rev. Melvin Dean Cutler MDIV
Dr. Michael W. Dae MD
Dr. Marsha Jean Darling AM
Mr. Paul Bradford Eaglin JD
Air. Lonnie Eugene Edmonson, Jr. MDIV
Mr. Ixmzy F. Edwards JD
Air. Glenn Alitchell Embree JD
Ms. Yvonne Alims Evans JD
Mr. Ralph Bernard Everett JD
Mr. Ronald Llewellyn Flowers BHS
Air. James Carl Harrison MBA
Air. Gregory Thedore Headen MDIV
Aliss Alarion Jacqueline Henry A1BA
Rev. Aivin Oneal Jackson MDIV
Mrs. Alarion White Jervay JD
Airs. Shirl Felisca Leverett MED
Air. Edward Earl Lewis A1BA
Rev. Archie Doyster Logan, Jr. THM
Air. Kenneth L. Alarshall JD
Air. Johnnie William Alask, Jr. JD
Mr. Wilbert L. Alickens A1DIV
Airs. Sadye J. Milton MDIV
Airs. Cynthia Denise Alullen MSN
Mr. William Devero Peterson MBA
Mrs. Wonza Stiles Russell MS
Dr. Leha Louise Vickers Ph.D.
Dr. Willie Roscoe Whitaker MD
Dr. Mary Bowman Williams BHS
Dr. Bernice Holley Willis Ph.D.
Dr. Gerald Milton Woods AID
Air. Frank Hugh Wright, Jr. BHS
Ms. Linda Claudette Wright AM
Air. Gerald Eugene Young MBA
1977
Mr. Robert Lee Branch BHS
Rev. Edward S. Brightman, Sr. THM
Als. Brenda Carol Brisbon JD
Dr. Albert S. Broussard Ph.D.
Rev. Eric N. Chavis A1DIV
Mr. Charles Bernard Davis MED
Air. Richard C. Dickinson JD
Rev. Neriah Goldston lidwards MDIV
Dr. Elaine Regenia Ferguson AID
Dr. Cynthia G. Fleming Ph.D.
Dr. Sundar W. Fleming Ph.D.
Dr. Henry James Hardy AID
Dr. Larry C. Harris MD
Ms. Alary A. Hawkins MM
Rev. AJonzo Clark Jenkins MDIV
Dr. Vergel L. Lattimore III MDIV
Mr. Milton Lewis MDIV
Aliss Janice Lorene Alills JD
Rev. Ervin Eugene Alilton A1DIV
Rev. Kenneth Monroe MDIV
Airs. Rosalia G. Parker JD
Rev. Lawrence L. Reddick III A1DIV
Rev. Albert Shuler MDIV
Air. Geoffrey H. Simmons JD
Miss Alargaret Rose Simmons BHS
Dr. S. Dallas Simmons Ph.D.
Dr. AJvin Tyrone Simpson MRE
Dr. William M. Southerland Ph.D.
Dr. Cleon Franklyn Thompson Ph.D.
Dr. Price Walker, Jr. AID
Dr. Bertram E. Walls MD
Als. Myra Elaine Washington AM
Air. Will Wiggins MS
Dr. Roy J. Williams, Jr. MD
Dr. George C. Wright Ph.D.
1978
Air. Lovest T. Alexander, Jr. BHS
Rev. Fremont F. Anderson, Jr. MDIV
Ms. Patsy Anne Anthony A1S
Mr. Nicholas Kwaku Asare MHA
Dr. Donna Johanna Benson MA
Rev. John J. Borens THM
Ms. Linda Denese Briggs-Alilteer AIRE
Dr. Jonca Camille Bull MD
Air. Reginald J. Clark JD
Als. Denise Renee Driver A1A
Rev. Neriah Goldston Edwards THM
Mr. Russell W. Hawkins, Jr. A1F
Dr. Melvin Lee Henderson AID
Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones MA
Als. Clare Frances Jupiter JD
Air. Leonard V. Lassiter, Jr. MDIV
Dr. Caroline Louise Lattimore Ph.D.
Als. Norvator Amanda Lawson AHC
Air. William Leroy Lee MDIV
Dr. Jumanne Abdallah Alaghembe MF
Mr. James Nunn McGuffey MM
Air. Thurman Conrad AlcLean A1DIV
Appendi:
9*
93
Rev. Willie L. Aliddlebrooks. Jr. AIDIV
Air. Carlton H. Morse, Jr. JD
Rev. Charles Edward Moss MDIV
Mr. Clyde T. Nelson MDIV
Dr. George Phillips. Jr. AID
Dr. Charles \V. Plummer MD
Als. Hallie Lawson Reeves MDIV
Dr. Alfred Mack Roberts MD
Dr. John \Y. Ross MD
Dr. Michael \V. Shannon MD
Mr. Bye-Mass Max Taal MF
Mr. Benjamin Frederick Tandy MDIV
Rev. Victoria Sizemore Tandy MDIV
Dr. Lynn H. Thomas MD
Ms. Karen Jackson Vaughn JD
Dr. George H Williams EDD
Dr. Eugene Edward Wright. Jr. MD
1979
Dr. Brenda B. Abdelrasoul Ph.D.
Ms. Lesline Rena Anderson BHS
Dr. Charles S. Baker III MD
Mr. Reggie Lawrence Barnett JD
Mr. Reggie Lawrence Barnett MBA
Mr. Elwood Becton AM
Mr. Elwood Becton MA
Mr. George Michael Bellinger JD
Dr. James K. Bennett MD
Mr. Anthony H. Brett JD
Ms. Valerie Thompson Broadie JD
Dr. Thelma B. Brown AHC
Ms. Jacqueline L Coleman JD
Mr. Gregory Davis MDIV
Mrs. Diane Bright Doriney MBA
Dr. James M. Douglas. Jr. AID
Als. Michelle Long Durrah AIHA
Rev. Dr. Lawrence Timothy Evans AIDIV
Dr. Verna C. Gibbs A\D
Dr. Cynthia Lynnette Hale MDIV
Dr. Benjamin Lewis Hall III MDIV
Dr. Barbara L. Hamm AID
Dr. Rona Elsberth Hodge BHS
Rev. Temple Jackson Howell MRE
Dr. Gary B. Humphrey AID
Als. Margo Ericka Jackson JD
Dr. Alphine Wade Jefferson Ph.D.
Dr. Okator Alang Lekwuwa AID
Dr. Norma C. Lemon AID
Judge Denise Lorraine Alajette JD
Lieut. Barbara Summey Marshall AIRE
Airs. Rosa Thompson AlcAIee AlBA
Prof. Preston L. McKever-Floyd MDIV
Air. Paul Nelson Milton MDIV
Air. John Kevin Aloore AIHA
Dr. Gregory E. Alorrison AID
Rev. Gregory Vaughn Palmer MDIV
Als. Renav Quarles Pope AIS
Dr. Wilfred L. Raine AID
Dr. Rueben N. Rivers AID
Dr. Beverly J. Spivey AID
Mr. Linwood E. Stevens, Sr. AlED
Air. Carl Al. Toney AHC
Dr. Jacqueline Baldwin Walker Ph.D.
Dr. Johnny L. White, Jr. AID
Air. All Berlin Williams AlBA
Air. James Edward Williams, Jr. JD
Airs. Rhonda Reid Winston JD
1980
Air. Louis Pierre Anderson AHC
Dr. Carl Leo Arrington AIDIV
Air. Larry Jerome Arrington AlBA
Rev. Calvin Jerome Banks AIDIV
Dr. Valerie Alayne Batts Ph.D.
Air. Larry Lee Blackwell MDIV
Rev. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. AIDIV
Rev. Charles Lerov Daniels THAI
Air. Thomas Antonio Devine AlA
Als. Phyllis Jean F. Ethridge EDD
Dr. Dudley E. Flood EDD
The Honorable Shirley L. Fulton JD
A\r. Jeffrey Edward Green AIHA
Mr. William Robert Hairston AIDIV
Dr. Sherry L. Hall AID
Dr. Alabel Thomasine Hardy Ph.D.
Mr. Arnold Odell Herring AlAT
Mr. Ralph S. Hightower, Jr. AlBA
Air. Edward Hines. Jr. AIDIV
Mr. Robert L Hoover AHC
Dr. Calvin Rudolph Howell AlA
Dr. Reginald E. Ishman AID
Rev. Lawrence Edward Johnson AIDIV
Air. Lonnie Lee Johnson, Jr. AlED
Air. Finley Oneal Jones MDIV
Als. Dorothea King JD
Dr. Jasper Jones Lawson Ph.D.
Rev. James Edward Lilly, Jr. AIDIV
Mr. Darryl Jadwick Lynch AlF
Rev. Cassandra Young Alarcus AIRE
Air. Lafayette Maxwell MDIV
Airs. Wilsonnia Green AlcLean AIDIV
Als. Andromeda Alonroe JD
Air. Alumanga Chibole Alumbi BHS
Air. Harold Douglas Pope III JD
Dr. Rexford J. Richardson Ph.D.
Air. Eric Michael Roberts AlBA
Air. Percy Elliott Robinson JD
Ms. Valerie Robinson AHC
Rev. Jerry Michael Sanders AIDIV
Dr. Derise Evette Tolliver AlA
Dr. Kwaku Adjei Twum-Baah Ph.D.
Dr. Velma Gibson Watts Ph.D.
Air. Charles Lavelle Weaver BHS
Air. Kenneth Lee Whitehurst AlED
Als. Renee Clarissa Wilder AlBA
Ms. Dyan E. Willoughby AlBA
1981
Air. William Henry Amos MDIV
Dr. Joshua Attah Ph.D.
Air. Edward Hampton Bailey AHC
Dr. Sylvia Thompson Bullock Ph.D.
Als. Deborah Kee Campbell AlBA
Air. Alan Brent Gates AHC
Dr. Elmer Jerome Cummings EDD
Als. Kim Lori Davenport JD
Mr. .Allan C. Delaine JD
Als. Leonia Dorris AHC
Als. Lorna Nettie Dula BHS
Dr. Amgred Ghislayne Dunston Ph.D.
Rev. Ruthenia H. Finley AIDIV
Air. Yinston Jerome Goldman AHC
94
<**
LEGACY, 1963-1993
Mr. Mervyn Al Greene JD
Mr. Samuel Harrison MBA
Mr. Oliver T. Hill .MDIV
Mr. Willie A. Hodge III MBA
Ms. Rosetta Berry Inmon MBA
Ms. Addie Lafayette Ix;gette MA
Ms. Rosita McKee BHS
Ms. Gail Phillips Merritt JD
Dr. Bertha Hampton Miller Ph.D.
Dr. Demetria Montgomery MD
Mr. Terence Kent Neal AHC
Rev. John N. Osborne, Jr. MDIV
Ms. Mildred Cerise Petty AHC
Ms. Mildred Cerise Petty MS
Dr. Asela Catherine Russell MD
Mr. Kenneth Byron Scarlett MDIV
Ms. Verline Anne Shepherd MBA
Ms. Crystal Yvonne Smith BHS
Mr. Kimball Ranier Smith MBA
Ms. Geraldine Sumter JD
Ms. Florence Elaine Thompson BHS
Dr. David W. Trader MD
Mr. Ronald B. Via MBA
Mrs. Lois Bullock Wall AHC
Dr. Patricia Watkis MD
Mrs. Linda M G Weaver AHC
Dr. Love Henry Whelchel Ph.D.
Ms. Sharon Yvonne White MBA
Mrs. Beth Hope Woodland-Hargrove JD
1982
Ms. Josie A. Alexander JD
Mr. Levi Alfonso Beckwith MBA
Mr. Henri Arthur Belfon, Jr. EDD
Dr. Gayle Elaine Brooks Ph.D.
Mr. Bernard Freeman Bugg MBA
Dr. William R. Burge MD
Dr. Cyd Patrice Campbell MD
Ms. Demetria Theresa Carter JD
Dr. Carnell Cooper MD
Mr. Arnald Byron Crews AM
Dr. Marsha Jean Darling Ph.D.
Dr. Georgette A. Dent MD
Ms. Valerie Robinson Dinkins JD
Dr. Samuel T. Dove MD
Ms. Ruby Williams Freeman MA
Ms. Nanette Gandy JD
Dr. Francis Roosevelt Gilliam III MD
Dr. Robert Alexander Wilson Grant MA
Ms. Carolyn Ann Green MS
Ms. Fern E. Gunn JD
Mr. I lenry Kofi Gyamfi MDIV
Dr. Darielle Watts Jones MA
Rev. Diana Bradley Jones MDIV
Mr. Michael Anthony King MBA
Dr. Kapauner Ramona Lewis MD
Ms. Victoria R. Marsh JD
Ms. Victoria R. Marsh MCL
Dr. Joseph Henry Martin, Jr. MD
Mr. Alfred Dale Moore JD
Mr. John Albert Moore MDIV
Mr. Carlton O. Morales AHC
Dr. Clarence G. Newsome Ph.D.
Rev. Gina Delise Rochelle MRE
Mr. Vernon Julius Rose MDIV
Dr. James Ray Samuel MDIV
Ms. Cassandra Shaw BHS
Mr. Hezekiah Sistrunk, Jr. JD
Dr. Arthur Vernon Stringer MD
Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander EDD
Rev. Dwight Reginald Whitt JD
Rev. Bruce Wright MDIV
Mr. William Wright AM
1983
Mr. Thomas Leroy Bailey AM
Mr. Andrew Russell Barner, Jr. MBA
Rev. Jason Barr, Jr. MDIV
Ms. Deborah Lynetta Basket MA
Ms. Sheila Moncure Belfon EDD
Dr. Estrada Jetlerson Bernard, Jr. MD
Rev. Norman Aaron Brown MDIV
Rev. Norman Aaron Brown THM
Ms. Stephanie Smith Brown MHA
Mr. Patrick Chishimba MBA
Ms. Angela Diane Davis JD
Mr. Emanuel Faust, Jr. JD
Mr. Michael James Freels AM
Chaplain Alvester Key Gales MDIV
Chaplain Floyd Renot Gilbert MDIV
Ms. Karyn Allison Greenfield JD
Dr. Reginald Lawrence Hall MD
Mr. Kevin Lee Hopkins MA
Mr. Dawson Horn III JD
Rev. Carl B. Hutcherson, Jr. MDIV
Mrs. Annette King Hyatt AHC
Rev. David Edward Jasper MDIV
Mr. Owen Arthur May MBA
Mr. John Darrell Mclnnis JD
Dr. Deevid Oscar Miller MD
Mr. James Jerome Otey BHS
Mr. Lionell Parker MBA
Mr. Charles Milton Pee MDIV
Ms. Carolyn Yvonne Phillips-Lanclos JD
Dr. Kevin Randall Porter MD
Rev. Joseph Lee Ratliff MDIV
Mr. Melvin Leslie Riggs EDD
Ms. Pamela E. Rodgers MBA
Dr. Siddig Abdel Mageed Salih Ph.D.
Rev. William David Smart, Jr. MDIV
Professor Charles Edison Smith LLM
Mrs. Dale Peele Sneed MDIV
Dr. Paul Stephens, Jr. MD
Mrs. Lona Letsy Tapper-Rogers MDIV
Dr. Lesa Denise Walden MD
Ms. Janice Marie Wallington AHC
Ms. Janice Marie Wallington MS
Dr. Jeanie Anne Westry MD
Rev. Quentin J. White MDIV
Mr. Meretle Hampton Wilson THM
Dr. Antronette Kay Yancey MD
1984
Mr. Edward Norris Allen MSN
Dr. Avis Adriena Artis MD
Mr. Joseph Andrew Battle MBA
Dr. Donna Johanna Benson Ph.D.
Dr. Jocelyn Wolffe Bonner MD
Ms. Vergyl Loretta Cabbagestalk AHC
Dr. Karen Young Collier Ph.D.
Rev. Philip R. Cousin. Jr. MDIV
Rev. Robert Lee Daniels MDIV
Appendix ty^
95
.Ms. Marilyn Elaine Foote-Hudson MA
Dr. .Marc Tomas Galloway AID
Dr. Fred Janasi Gomendo THAI
Mrs. Helen Nelson Grant JD
Dr. Samuel Elijah Hall AID
Rev. George Carver Hawkins A1DIY
Mrs. Sybil S. Henderson MBA
Mrs. Darlene Mitchell Hoard MBA
Dr. Calvin Rudolph Howell Ph.D.
Mrs. Finesse D. Hull-Simmons JD
Dr. Andrea Marie Jackson MD
Chaplain Richard Carnell Jackson MDIY
Ms. Andrea Denise Jones JD
Dr. Darielle Watts Jones Ph.D.
Dr. Vereda Johnson King Ph.D.
Mr. Timothy Ross Langston MBA
Mr. Joseph Lee Littles MBA
Ms. Adrienne Patrice Marshall MBA
Mr. Floyd Bixler McKissick. Jr. JD
Ms. Allene Watkins McNeil AHC
Dr. Karen A. Moore MD
Mr. Wiley Muffins 111 MBA
Air. Edward A\ikumah Okine MS
Air. Thomas David Parham. Jr. AHC
Mr. Jean Derek Penn MBA
Rev. Staccato Powell MDIY
Dr. Felicity Araba Quansah MD
Dr. John Armand Rich MD
Rev. Christopher Samuel Robinson MDIY
Mr. Elwood Lee Robinson AHC
Prof. Yetta Lynn Sanders Thompson MA
Mr. Raymond Ronald Sommerville MDIY
Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. Ph.D.
Dr. Cheryl Lynn Walker MD
Mrs. Reba Hayes Warren JD
Dr. Janet Marie \Yhidby MA
Dr. Lauren Yirgima Wood MD
1985
Ms. Pamela Lynn Boswell MA
Ms. Lisa Curtis Bowler MHA
Ms. Frances Rene Brown JD
Rev. Jesse Brunson MDIY
Dr. Clifton Earl Buckrham MDIV
Mr. Larrv Chisolm JD
Ms. Pamela Rachelle Dewees MBA Ms.
Mr. I^eonard Earl Fairlev MDIY .Mr.
Ms. Jana Olivia Fleming JD Mr.
Ms. Bernice Tripp Gibson AHC Air.
Ms. Bernice Tripp Gibson MS Mr.
Rev. Edith Lee Gleaves MDIV Mr.
Dr. Gregory Joseph Glover MD Ms.
Ms. Lisha W. Goins JD Mr.
Mr. Michael Edward Green MBA Ms.
Dr. Benjamin Lewis Hall III Ph.D. Mr.
Ms. Kendra Lorraine Harris MBA Mr.
Rev. Myrtle Frances Hatcher MDIY Dr.
Ms. Marguerite Michele Hester MBA Dr.
Chaplain David Harlan Hicks THM Rev
Dr. Susan Eileen Jenkins MD Mr.
Mr. Leonard Howard Jones MBA Mr.
Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones Ph.D. Mr.
Ms. Kimetha Lynnette Knotts AHC Ms.
Mr. Albert Garliea Kokulo MEM Ms.
Mr. George Paul Lanier MDIV Dr.
Ms. Andra Moore Martin .MBA Rev
Dr. Clarice Jannette Martin Ph.D. Dr.
Mr. Michael Carlton Mason JD Dr.
Mr. Kevin Alvin AlcQuay MBA Dr.
Mr. Marvin Anthony Moore .MBA Mr.
Dr. Lori J. Pierce MD Mr.
Mr. Rudolph Simmons MBA Mr.
Dr. Shelley Ruth Slaughter MD Ms.
Dr. Robert Scon Smith MA Mr.
Dr. Claire Leona Spain-Remy MD Ms.
Ms. Sonja Steptoe JD Mr.
Mr. Gary Bernard Strong MHA Mr.
Mr. Allen Dixon Terrell MDIV Mr.
Dr. Derise Evette Tolliver Ph.D. Ms.
Mr. Aaron Watson JD Rev
Ms. Sandra Elise Watson MHA Ms.
Dr. Jonathan Emanuel Hazema Wilson Rev
Ph.D. Ms.
Ms.
1986 Dr.
Rev. Sharon Lavonda Adams MDIY Dr.
Mr. Thomas L. Aiken MBA Mr.
Rev. Howard Emory Anderson III MDIY Mr.
Mr. Eddie Norris Barnes MBA Mr.
Ms. Iris Killian Barrett MBA Dr.
Tracy Natasha Bowens MBA
Antonio Brito Braz JD
Sidney O'Neal Brewer MBA
John David Bnggs. Jr. JD
Frank Butler MDIV
Caesar Pina Cardozo JD
Lenora Patrice P. A. Carlock MBA
James Harvey Carter. Jr. BHS
Odrie Maria Chapman JD
Brent Overton Edgar Clinkscale JD
Reginald John Clvne MA
N. Anthony Coles, Jr. MD
Christina Elizabeth Cummings AID
. Eldrick Ray Davis A1DIV
Charles Envinnaya Ekeleme, Jr. A1BA
David C. Emelileonwu AL\
Marvin E. Fountain MDIY
Lena Yernell Freeman A1DIY
Lynn B. Gardner A1HA
Tana Annette Gradv AID
. Diane Harper Haggler A1DIY
Ricky Damon Helton AHC
Ricky Damon Helton MDIV
Janice Dolores Johnson AID
Jeffrey David Jones JD
Jeltrey David Jones MA
J. Richard Leaman III .MBA
Karol Page Alack JD
John Alichael Alallette. Jr. JD
Faye Alarie Alartin .MBA
Cam Mills AHC
Irvin Aloore, Jr. AHC
Rick Lamont Perslev A1BA
Elmira Juanita Powell BHS
. Constance Alane Prince A1DIY
Hilda Pinnix Ragland A1BA
. Christopher Samuel Robinson AHC
Linda Ann Russell AHC
Linda Ann Russell A1DIY
Julius Sherrard Scott III Ph.D.
Cednc Dewavne Shetheld AID
James Donald Smith JD
Willie Albert Smith III .MBA
Timothy Tyrone Taylor A1DIY
Karen Cassidv Thompson Ph.D.
96
<**
LEGACY. 1963-1993
Mr. Leon Clay White MBA
Ms. Nancy Virginia Wilkins AHC
.Mr. Wilbert Edd Williams MBA
Dr. Deborah Y. I^eonardo Wilson MD
Mr. Samuel Leon Winder III MBA
Mr. Randy Rodell Zeno MBA
1987
Mrs. Pamela Doronda Bailey BHS
Dr. Osbert Blow MD
Ms. Yvette Lynne Bonaparte MBA
Dr. Marian E. Bonner MD
.Ms. Delores Smith Bradsher MSN
Mr. Johnathan Gray Broadnax MBA
.Mr. Ronald Eugene Brown MBA
Ms. Tonola Doris Brown JD
Dr. Myra N. Burnett Ph.D.
Rev. Columbus Benjamin Burns III MDIV
Ms. Angela Jellries Caldwell AHC
Mr. Reginald John dyne JD
Ms. Donna .Maria Coleman MA
Mr. Donald Ray Dixon MBA
Dr. Roderick E. Edmond MD
Dr. Linda Harris Gilliam MD
Mr. Curnell Graham MDIV
Rev. Deborah D. Lockett Graham MDIV
Rev. Ravmond Wavne Hargrove MDIV
Air. Robert Evans Harrington JD
Dr. Deborah Marie Hayden-Hall MD
Dr. John L. Hudgins Ph.D.
Ms. Jocelvn Janine Hunter JD
Mr. Franklin David Jackson JD
Mr. Henry Donnell Jefferies MDIV
Ms. Carolyn C. Christian Johnson MBA
Mrs. Lynne W. Johnson MBA
Air. Timothv Rav Johnson JD
Ms. Patricia Ann Kornegay JD
Rev. Leonzo Daniel Lynch MDIV
Dr. Pamela Hermine Martin MD
Mr. John Richard May. Jr. JD
Mr. John Richard May. Jr. MA
Ms. Priscilla Robinson Meadows MBA
Mr. Ron- Quintin Miott MBA
Mr. Richard Benjamin Moore MBA
Ms. Michele Jeninne Pavne MBA
Dr. Alton Brooks Pollard III Ph.D.
Ms. Donna Primrose- Brown MA
Ms. Joyce Butts Sanford MBA
.Ms. Adona Christine Simms BHS
Dr. Cora Ducette Spaulding MD
Mrs. Sherri W. Tatum JD
Mrs. Nancy Taylor-Smith .MBA
.Mr. Barry James Thompson .MBA
Ms. Kara Watkins Tillman MBA
Dr. Janet Marie Whidby Ph.D.
Mr. Edward Leon White. Jr. MBA
Ms. Charita Nanette Whitehurst MBA
.Mrs. Kathryn Woodbury Zeno MBA
1988
.Ms. Sheree Michelle AJston MA
Mr. Jerome Anderson MDIV
Chaplain Jarvis Eric Bailev MDIV
Mr. Darrvl Triandos Banks MBA
Mr. Warren Hicks Basket MA
Dr. Herman Lee Bennett MA
Ms. Avis Toppin Bent MBA
Mr. John Milton Boutte AHC
Lieutentant Arthur McGill Brown MDIV
Mr. Eric Dewayne Cole MDIV
Dr. Jennifer Jean Crawford .MD
Ms. Ida Johnson Dawson BHS
Mr Bryan S. DeLoatch MBA
Rev. Earlston Eugene De Silva MDIV
Mr. Willie Otis Dixon IV JD
Dr. Jill Allison Foster MD
Mr. Henry Thomas Foxx MBA
Mr. Charles T. Geoffre Francis JD
Ms. Lena Vernell Freeman AHC
Mr. Kodwo Pere Ghartev-Tagoe JD
Dr. Robert Alexander Wilson Grant Ph.D.
Mr. Jerron Denard Green MBA
Rev. Moses Edmond Hodnett. Jr. MDIV
Ms. Felicia Yvette Howell MBA
Mr. James C. Lee JD
Dr. Joseph Mwona Maitima MA
Rev. David Ophanalia Malloy MDIV
Dr. William Kenneth Mask MD
Ms. Tarshia Angelita McGlockton MBA
Ms. Carol Betina Morris MA
Ms. Carol Betina Morris MBA
Mr. Patrick Nganga MS
Mr. Kwasi Nyamekye JD
Ms. Pamela Dianne Parson MBA
Ms. Ramona Marie Payne MBA
Mr. Toussaint Joseph Philogene MBA
Ms. Deborah E. Richardson de Cueras JD
Mr. Dale Alexander Royal MA
Pro!. Vetta Lynn Sanders Thompson Ph.D.
Ms. Marguerite Harper Scott MA
Mr. Darrvl Dwain Smalls JD
Ms. Jean Olive Smith MDIV
Mr. Peter Malcolm Stanfbrd-Asivo BHS
Ms. Paula Elizabeth Dudley Stewart MBA
Mr. Anton Travers Wesley MDIV
Mrs. Pamela S. White MBA
Ms. Wendy Elizabeth White-Adcock MA
Mr. John Jasper Wilkins. Jr. MDIV
Mr. David Wayne Williams JD
Mr. Hudson Grov-er Willis MBA
Rev. Richard Elias Wimberley III AHC
Mr. Herbert Sei Lami Zigbuo MRE
1989
Mr. Hugh W. Allen MBA
Janice Michelle Allen .MA
Mr. Harold Tommy Amaker MBA
Ms. Terri Kim Bacote Charles MA
Ms. Nanette Alicia Banks MA
Mr. Wayne Patrick Banks MBA
Mr. Adrian Troy Barber MA
Mr. William Joseph Barber II MDIV
Mr. Larry Donald Bivens MBA
Dr. Charles S. G. Boayue, Jr. MDIV
Mr. James Boden ALA
Mr. Avery Chardor Brown THAL
Ms. Suzanne Brown MBA
.Ms. Kara Odessa Bryant ALA
Dr. Randall M. Bryant ALD
Rev. Ella Jean Burnett MDIV
Mr. Terence Inerius Caldwell ALBA
Ms. Danielle Denise Carr ALA
Dr. Bradley Henry Collins ALD
Dr. Cornelius Alexander Davis III ALD
Airs. Patricia Eleanor Dave AIHA
Appendix C^> 97
Mrs. Pamela K. DeLoatch MBA
Ms. Maria Teresa Dickerson MA
Dr. Franklyn F. Dontfraid MD
Chaplain Swindell Edwards MDIV
Mr. Gary Donell Ellis MBA
Rev. Doris T. Fox MDIV
Rev. Jerry Louis Gadsden A1DIV
Mr. Michael Lee Garrett MA
Ms. Lori Tawana Hagens MHA
Dr. Robert Lee Harrell III MD
Mrs. Sharon Carr Harrington JD
Mrs. Brenda E. Harris-Richmond BHS
Mrs. Jeanne L. Holeman MHA
Air. Spurgeon Roosevelt James, Jr. A1BA
Airs. Sharon Ann Jerrnes-Jones A1BA
Rev. Orea Jones- Wells MDIV
Dr. Ricky Park Soo Nam Aladdox AID
Rev. Carl Linwood Alanuel, Jr. A1DIV
Dr. Hirschel David McGinnis AID
Als. AWie E. Alichel-Tucker A1BA
Ms. Sondra Alarie Aliddleton BHS
Dr. Alois Simon AVlambo Ph.D.
Als. Charlotte L. Alolette A1S
Air. Russell Jerome Aloore A1BA
Air. Kenneth Alonzo Alurphv JD
Dr. Angela D. Odom-Austin AID
Als. Tanya Al. Oubre JD
Als. Rohini Arvind Parikh A1A
Als. Donna Primrose-Brown JD
Rev. Darryl Wayne Robinson A1DIV
Als. Robin Lee Rosenberg JD
Als. Robin Lee Rosenberg MA
Air. Steven Bailey Royster JD
Als. Cheryl Williams Scarboro JD
Air. Garry Wendell Seabron MDIV
Als. Willie Ann Foster Shears A1BA
Air. Oris Russell Stuart III A1BA
Mr. James Edward Tatum, Jr. JD
Mr. Alaurice C. Taylor JD
Air. Ato Waters A1BA
Ms. Annette Denise Watkins A1BA
Airs. Felicia Stevenson Watlington A1BA
Mr. Stephen G. Garfield Wedderburn A1A
Mr. James Brian Wilson A1BA
Rev. Richard Elias Wimberley III MDIV
Als. Angela Yvette Wine BHS
1990
Air. Claude Alexander Allen JD
Mr. Claude Alexander Allen LLA1
Air. Erasmo Viteho Barrera A1BA
Als. Isabelle Belance-Zank A1A
Als. La Shaun Rene Bellamy A1BA
Als. Dawn Jonita Bennett A1S
Dr. Sabrina Terre Bent A1S
Dr. Nicola Sheree Bravo AID
Als. Jacqueline Elaine Brown A1BA
Air. Tumelo Chiptupa A1S
Als. Yarta Onika T. Clemens A1S
Dr. Josephine Alillicent Clement A1BA
Air. Sherad Levito Cravens A1BA
Air. Eric Leon Crump A1S
Als. Alelinda Gail Dudley AHC
Air. Kenneth Franklin Edwards A1BA
Dr. Naomi Patricia Franklin Ph.D.
Ms. Ruth C. Harris AHC
Als. Odessa Alarie Henderson BHS
Als. Sonia Elizabeth Hill JD
Air. Freddy Lorenzo Hooks A1BA
Air. Gregory A. Hudgins A1BA
Als. Linda Joyce Jordan A1BA
Dr. Alawivah Rehema Hill Kambon Ph.D.
Air. Anthony Alaurice Kellev MA
Mr. Brayn Lucias Khunguni A1A
Air. Robert Weldon Lancaster, Jr. A1BA
Air. Seth Osibisa Lartev AIRE
Als. Lavonne Denise Lawson JD
Als. Lavonne Denise Lawson A1BA
Als. Alandisa Aluriel A lava LLA1
Als. Laverne Clarissa AlcClellan A1BA
.Mr. Abraham Lincoln AlcCoy, Jr. BHS
Dr. Kimberly Iris Aloran AID
Als. Jennifer Lyle Alorgan A1A
Air. Gichuru Kagwe Aluchane A1S
Ms. Kim Inell Nance MBA
Air. Garry Demarco Norns MBA
Air. Julius Edo Nvang'Oro JD
Als. Alauricette G. Parris-August JD
Als. Saba Shibberu A1BA
Dr. Robert Scott Smith Ph.D.
Air. .Michael Joseph Sorrell A1A
Dr. Jon Alichael Spencer AITS
Air. Gary Alitchell Sutton A1BA
Als. Donna Alarie Thompson AL\
Air. Robert Edward Thorn MA
Als. Velma DeRaye Walker A1HA
Ms. Janis Ruth Williams JD
Airs. Lynn Perry Wooten A1BA
1991
Air. Lovest T. Alexander, Jr. A1HS
Dr. Tedra Louise Anderson-Brown AID
Als. Karen Elise Ashley JD
Dr. Linz Audain Ph.D.
Mr. Wayne Anthony August A1BA
.Ms. Robin Deshay Alahan Baker BHS
Air. Larry J. Barnes A1BA
Air. Kevin Alanuel Beber A1BA
Rev. Bobby Ray Best MDIV
Dr. Victor Alfred Bracey AID
Als. Adnenne Renee Brigmon A1A
Als. Wannetta Iris Carter JD
Air. Rodney Christopher Clare A1A
.Ms. Constance Eugenia Clement A1BA
Air. Anthony Thomas Coates A1BA
Airs. Gwendolyn Gail Coley-Bishop A1SN
Dr. Adrian Howard Cotterell AID
Dr. Tamera Dynene Covne AID
Air. Vincent Fitzgerald Crump A1BA
Dr. Derick G. S. Davis. Jr. Ph.D.
.Mr. Spruell Driver. Jr. JD
Als. Veronica Euphema Easmgton BHS
.Ms. Alillicent Renee Brown Fauntlerov A1A
Als. Sharon Shankhn Freeland AITS
.Ms. Katie Ann Gailes A1BA
Air. .Maurice Oliver Green JD
Dr. James Earl Harley AID
Air. Derrick K. Harris. Jr. MDIV
Als. Ruth C. Harris MDIV
Air. William Gerald Harris A1BA
Als. Cassandra Wylene Headen AHC
Air. Vance Hunt A1DIY
98 £# LEGACY, 1963-1993
Ms. Debra Lynne Hursl MBA
Dr. Cheryl M Johns..,, Ml)
Mr. Reginald James Johnson MPP
Mr. Andrew D. Jones. -I, MA
Ms, Karen Lynn Jones MBA
Mr Linwood Kiit li MA
Ms. Brenda Kirton Ml )FV
Ms. Carolyn Wilkins Lucas Ml)l\
Ms. Joan Marie McBarnette MBA
Mr. Donald McMichael, Jr. MHA
Mr. Samuel Howard Moore, Jr. MD1V
Ms Gail Patricia Moselej MA
Ms Robin Catherine Murray-Gill .11)
Ms Jacqueline Diane Neal MBA
Ms. Gretchen Rita Carre Nell) .11)
Mr. Hilton Manuel Nicholson A \ I i - \
Ms. Chinvere Y. Okoronkwo .11)
Ms Monica Jane Oliver MAT
Dr. Wendy-Ann Olivier MI>
Ms. Stephanie J. Pennington-Grant MSN
Mr. Therence O. Pickett JD
Dr. Jennifer Parker Porter MI)
Mr. Stanley Eason Porter MBA
Dr. Leslie Dentse Reynolds MD
Mrs. Monicjue A. Rowtham- Kennedy JD
Ms. Dew Patterson Russell JD
Ms. Cheryl Yvonne Self MBA
Ms. Paula Una Simon JD
Mr. Brian Christopher Smith MBA
Rev. Clarence Anthony Smith, Jr. MDIY
Ms. Nicole Eileen Sullivan MA
Ms. Charieese Jordan Sutton MBA
Mr Joseph B. Sylve 111 MBA
Mrs. Cassandra Smith Taylor MBA
Rev. David Bernard Thornton MDIY
Mrs. Pamela Brooks TulLv MBA
Ms. Lisa Yvette Waller MA
Mr. Oregon' Alan Watson MBA
Ms. Tanya Deshields Whitted AIIC
Mr. Elijah Williams MTS
Ms. Esther Marie Woods MTS
Ms Tamara Yvette Woolfork JD
1992
Mr. Shawn Ray Alexander AIIC
Mr. Charles Duane Almo MA
Ms. Jennifer Elizabeth Baltimore .11)
Rev. 1 la, r\ Maurice Barnes MDIY
Rev. Arnetta Elizabeth Beverly MDIY
Ms. Amanda Cordelia Bryant MS
Mr. Eric Tyrone Bunch MDIY
Ms. Danielle Denise Carr Ph.D.
Ms. Nancy Njeri Chcge MEM
Dr. Lee Richard Coleman. Jr. MI)
Mr. Matthew Jon Countryman MA
Mrs. Rhonda Nesmith Crichlow MPP
Ms. Mary Elizabeth Crudup MRE
Ms. Carmela N Edmunds .11)
Dr. Paul Dominic Edwards MD
Ms. Lisa Caroline Evans JD
Ms. Kimberly Beth Flint Ph.D.
Mr. Garrick Codrington Francis MA
Ms. Martina Monique Garns-Bingham JD
Mr. Dale Christopher Catling MBA
Ms. Cynthia Adrienne Groomes LMJD
.Ms. Deirdre Terese Guion MBA
Dr. Jarvis Alden Hall Ph.D.
Rev. Ralph Devolia Harris MDIY
Mrs. Kellie Robinson Hicks MHA
Mr. Christopher Lavone Hinton MBA
Ms. Anica Lynne Howard MBA
Mr. Starling David Hunter III MBA
Dr. Carlos Sidney Ince, Jr. MD
Mr. Darryl Ernest Ince MBA
Ms. lilla G. Johnson JD
Mr. Andrew D. Jones. Jr. Ph.D.
Ms. Christina Shade Jones MBA
Ms. l^rika Yeronica Keller JD
Dr. Yern Antoine Keller MD
Mr. Endalkachew Kidanewold MA
Ms. Deborah P. Lane MBA
Dr. Rhea Armagne Lloyd MD
Ms. India Manton MBA
Dr. Althea L. McCoy Ph.D.
Mr. Omar Yusef McNeill JD
Ms. Erma Mary Millard MBA
Mr. Henry Jerome Mtms JD
Mr. Michael Boulware Moore MBA
Mr. Richard Bernard Moore II MBA
Rev. I )ita\v.i Mavuluswa Nianda MDIV
Mr. Abubakar Atiku Nuhu-Koko MA
Ms. Emily Ann Page MBA
Ms Denise Elliott Patterson MBA
Dr. Karl Lyndell Pete MD
Ms. Valorie Antionette Pigotte A I IC
Rev. Vertie Powers- Williamson MDIY
Mr. Eri< Wayne Price MBA
Mr. Fazli Qadir MBA
Ms. Annua Magnolia Richardson LMJD
Mr. David Walton Roberts MBA
Dr. Yernice Royal MD
Mr. John Ashley Sammerson MA
Mr. Victor Rudolph Shavers. Jr. MBA
Ms. Dorinda Dawn Shelton AHC
Ms. Lisa Sheppard MBA
Mr. Michael Smith MBA
Mr. Sarnie Allen Solomon, Jr. MBA
Mrs. Sharon Lovett Solomon MBA
Mr. Samuel Lvdell Starks JD
Mr. Tern,' L. Staten MBA
Mr. Timothy Jonathan Talley MBA
Dr. Donald Walker Tunnage JD
Ms. Darline Faith Turner MHS
A\rs. Lisa Williams Warren MA
Ms. Christine Celeste Washington .1 1 )
Ms. Geovette FZIise Washington JD
Ms. Sheryl Ann Watkins JD
Ms. Sheila Kenvatta White MA
Mr. John Wilson III MDIV
1993
Ms. Nuhaad Abdulwahab Abbas MEM
Dr. Joseph Bebee Alexander. Jr. JD
Mr. Johnson K. Asibuo THM
Ms. Rachel Lavern Battles A\BA
Dr. Herman Lee Bennett Ph.D.
Ms. Renee Antonia Berry MBA
Dr. Guenet Beshah-Tapscott JD
Dr. Clifford Bowens, Jr. MD
Dr. Fredrick Dubois Bowman Ph.D.
Mr. Paul Andre Brathwaite MPP
Appendix ££ 99
Dr. Jacqulynn Michelle Broughton JD
Ms. Leslie Brown MA
Ms. Linda W. Bryan MDIV
Ms. Amanda Cordelia Bryant Ph.D.
Mr. Brian Menard Butler MBA
Mr. Courtland Wallace Butts, Jr. MBA
Mr. William Burnett Bynum, Jr. MA
Mr. Clem William Campbell THM
Mr. David Allen Cantrell MA
Mr. Benjamin James Carson III MBA
Dr. Paulette Denise Chandler MD
Ms. Stephanie Lynn demons MBA
Mr. Gerald Llwellyn Coates MBA
Ms. Sherrie Ranae Cook MDIV
Mr. David Alexander Cooks MBA
Dr. Thaxter Angenilla Cooper JD
Dr. Teresa Deloatch JD
Dr. James Antone Dickens JD
Ms. Kathryn Renee Dungy MA
Mr. Eric Antonio Edmond MBA
Rev. Robert Howard Edwards THM
Ms. Dianthe Renea Eiland MS
Ms. Julia Ann Eklund JD
Mr. Maxwell Onvemaechi Eleogu MA
Mr. David L. Elliott JD
Dr. Christopher Eric Ervin AID
Ms. Lesley Grace Feracho MA
Rev. Trevon Dyrel Gross MTS
Dr. Terrie Victoria Hagler JD
Ms. Vanessa Price Hairston MSN
Ms. Tomiko Brown Hall MA
Mr. Roderick Teryl Henley MBA
Ms. Robin Lee Hughes MS
Dr. Willie J. Jennings Ph.D.
Mr. Byron Vernon Johnson MBA
Mr. Lewis Elgin Johnson MA
Ms. Sharon Regina Johnson MBA
Dr. Alysia Marvelle Jones JD
Dr. Daryl Milton Kennedy JD
Mr. Carl William Kenney II MDIV
Ms. Kimberlv Lynette Kennion AHC
Dr. Avis Maureen Kinard JD
Ms. Brenda Kirton AHC
Ms. Susan Lasley MA
Dr. Cleveland William Lewis, Jr. MD
Ms. Sharon Grundy Lynn MBA
Mr. Eugene Victor A. Maafo MDIV
Mr. Sir Walter Lee Mack, Jr. MDIV
Ms. Saundra Hardin Marion MBA
Mr. Ronald Erickson Maxwell MDIV
Mr. Harold Anthony McDonald MBA
Mr. Donald McGill MBA
Mr. Charles Wesley McKinney MA
Mr. Alexander McMillan, Jr. MBA
Mr. Everett Roy McNair MBA
Rev. Wyatt Clifton Minton III MDIV
Dr. Orlando McArthur Moncrieffe Ph.D.
Ms. Celia Elizabeth Navlor-Ojurongbe MA
Rev. Kenneth Lee Nelson MDIV
Ms. Sandra Park MPP
Mr. Larry Bryant Parker MDIV
Mr. Donzell Bryant Patterson AHC
Mr. George Piwang MTS
Ms. Bettye Donne Poole MDIV
Ms. Andrea Green Price AHC
Ms. Andrea Green Price MDIV
Mr. Tony Eugene Reese MDIV
Ms. Jacqueline Robinson MBA
Mr. Mark Harrison Robinson MBA
Ms. Leslie Karin Roland MBA
Ms. Annette Yvonne Scippio MA
Colonel Sylvester L. Shannon THM
Mr. Kevin Iry Sims MBA
Ms. Linda Bradsher Singietary MDIV
Ms. Ann Lawson Smith AHC
Dr. Susan Reid Smith JD
Ms. Jacquelene R. Hairston Stephenson A1SN
Mr. Samuel Lee Stewart MDIV
Dr. Jim Odell Stuckey II JD
Mr. David Allen Swanson MA
Mr. David Cary Tapscott MBA
Ms. Geanine Dorothea Thompson MBA
Dr. Josette Michelle Thompson JD
Ms. Amelia Pride Thorpe MA
Mr. Paul Pascal Van Den Bulck LLM
Ms. Yolanda Vanessa Van Horn MA
Dr. Terrence Wayne Walton MD
Ms. Carol Njanja Wanjau MA
Dr. Greta Yvonne Watts MD
Dr. Kimberlv Lynn Webb JD
Ms. Juanita Chizuko Williams-Gould A\A
Dr. Karen Donnella Woodard JD
Mr. James Andrew Wooten MBA
Mr. Kwame Oppong Yeboah MBA
1994
Ms. La Gaylia Juwana Appleby MBA
Dr. Osbert Blow Ph.D.
Ms. Kimberlv Rachelle Bolton JD
Mr. John Williams Roberts Bradley MBA
Ms. Cheryl Allen Brewer MSN
Mr. Brian Paul Brown MBA
Ms. Dionne Yverte Brown MPP
Ms. Joanne Elizabeth Brown MDIV
Mr. Michael Anthony Brown MBA
Ms. Danielle Quave Burton MBA
Mr. William Burnett Bynum, Jr. Ph.D.
Mr. James Harvey Carter, Jr. MHS
Mr. Eddie Terrence Chavis MBA
Mr. Garvey Elton Cills MBA
Mr. Rodney Clark MA
Ms. Dana Jeanine Cosby JD
Dr. Evelyn Winston Dadzie Ph.D.
Ms. Jeanine Margarita DaSilva MBA
Mr. Anbessie Debele MA
Ms. Satana T. Deberry JD
Ms. Angela Harper Dunlap MDIV
Ms. Beverly Renee Eccles MBA
Mr. Theodore Curtis M. Edwards II JD
Ms. Sherry Danielle Ellerbe MBA
Ms. Donna Maria Epps JD
Ms. Charlene Lanette Evans MBA
Mr. Theodore Leon Fleming MBA
Ms. Lorna Deneen Flowers MBA
.Ms. Erica Dawn Foster JD
Mr. Terry Sylvester Francis MBA
Mr. Trevor Kenneth Freeland MBA
Dr. Richard Ramas Gillespie, Jr. MD
Ms. Arnetta Carol Girardeau MA
Mr. Bruce Tyrone Grady MDIV
Ms. Merida Marcella Grant MA
Ms. Kimberlv Martin Grantham JD
100 c^r? LEGACY, 1963-1993
Ms. Cecelia Evelyn Greene .MDIV
[ )i I )eborah Reynolds Greene Ml)
Ms [Yacye Renee Grinnage .11)
\\i Norm. ui Scott Gunn JD
Mr.Glendon Philip Hall MBA
Mr. Joseph Ghana Hall AHC
Mr. (an Keith Macneil Hanley MBA
Mr. Leo Harmon, Jr. MBA
Ms. Karol Suzette Harshaw iWSN
Ms. Charla Winnetta Hill MBA
Ms. Roberta Shikako Hill MBA
Dr. Jenniler Lynn Hunter Ml I
Mr. Brian Andree Irving .MDIY
Dr. Harvey Clarke Jenkins, .Jr. MD
.Ms. Carla J. Kelly MBA
.\\r. Herschel Bernie Kenney MBA
.\\r. Eri< Williston Law MA
Ms. Christy Brown Leflore MA
Dr. Jarnes Wilton Lewis Ph.D.
Ms Shellene Madeline Lumpkin MBA
Ms. Cynthia McArthur MSN
Mr. Alvin McCoy III .MBA
.Ms. Yarnell I). Mc Donald-Fletcher MHS
Dr. Sheila Smith McKoy Ph.D.
Mr. Walter Emmett McLeod MDIY
Mr. Sherman Marc Meachem MBA
Ms. Sondra Marie Middleton MHS
Ms. Sonva Williams .Middleton JD
Ms. Michelle Renee Minus .MBA
Dr. Nico Ronald Mliga Ph.D.
Ms. Robin Elizabeth Moore JD
Dr. Mary Wairimu Muchane Ph.D.
Mr. Salahuddin Muhammad .MHS
Dr. Fausta Nazaire MD
Dr. Andrea Yoruba Nelson JD
Dr. Bernard N. Kimani Njoroge Ph.D.
Mr. Munishi K. T. Pantaleo MEMF
Ms. Rosalind Marie Parker JD
.Ms. Wanda Gale Parker MSN
Mr. liarl Douglas Reams MDIY
Dr. Brian Sean Register MD
.Ms Kimberly Jean Roberts MHS
Dr. Albert Devon Sam II MD
.Mr. Robert Charles Scott MDIV
.Ms. Ruby Martin Simmons MSN
.Ms. Gloria Ann Skinner- Pettiford MDIV
Mr. James Wesie} Smith 111 MA
Mi Michael Joseph Sorrell JD
Mr. Sterling Ashley Spainhour .MBA
Dr. Yolanda Richelle Spraggins .Ml)
.Ms. Stephanie Alease Stevenson .MI IS
Dr. Tom Denise Sublett MD
.Ms. Pamela Marie Sutton MA
.Mr. Stephen iMiles Tate MA
Dr. Vince Salazar Thomas Ph.D.
Mr. Carl Eugene Thompson ,MTS
.Mr. George Bernard Walker. Jr. MDIY
Ms. Earlene Eunice White MRE
.Mrs. Portia T. Williamson Ph.D.
Dr. Lawrence Woodard, Jr. MD
Ms Kharon Jenese Works MBA
Ms. Djuana Fave Wright MBA
1995
Ms. Karen Rudell Amis MS
Mr. Derrick Lamonte Black MBA
Ms. Carol Necole Brown LMJD
Mr. Gregory V. Brown JD
Mr. Wilmer Brown MDIV
Ms. Trudy L. Coar MBA
Mr. I^onnie Leandris Cockerham II MBA
Ms. Angela Maureen Cooper JD
iMr. FYank Rudolph Cooper JD
Ms. Ana Lucia Da Cruz MA
Ms. Chimere Uma Eleazu MBA
Ms. Myra Maureen Frazier JD
Ms. Myra A\aureen Frazier MA
Mr. Anthony Carlos Free MBA
Mr. Hamlet Darius Goore JD
Mr. Marshall L. Hayes ME.M
Ms. Sonja Leneice Henning JD
Ms. Karen Annette Hill JD
Ms. Tania De Carlo Ince MBA
Ms. Guilaine Christine Jean-Pierre MBA
Ms. Pamela Lynn Jeffries JD
Mr. Isaiah Novelle Johnson MBA
Ms. Andrea Renee Jones MBA
Mr. Barrv Gene Jordan MBA
Ms. Urn Lenore Julian .MBA
Ms. Teresa Janel .Marshall MBA
Mr. Jonathan Emmanuel Martin JD
Ms. Patrice Ilinton Morrison MSN
.Ms. Lisa Marie Mutch MS
Ms. Hcllen Wan|iru Njomo MA
Mr. Sterling Eugene Owens MBA
Dr. Peter Jason Pletcher Ph.D.
.Ms. Andrea Green Price THM
.Ms. Priscilla Johnson Ramseur .MSN
Ms. Terrie Lanita Rayburn MBA
.Mr. Wendell Gilbert Rayburn. Jr. MBA
Mr. Harold Philip Salmon MBA
Ms. Pamela Lorraine Shavers MBA
Mr. Peter George Singletary, Jr. .MDIV
.Mrs. Mattie Hood Smith MDIV
.Mr. Randell Clark Smith MBA
Mr. William Harris Stuart MBA
Mr. Michael David Summey MBA
.Mr. David Allen Swanson JD
A\s. Jacinda Thedders Townsend JD
Mr. Isaiah Charles Turner MBA
Ms. Kara .Miles Turner MA
Ms. Marjorie Judith Vincent JD
Ms. Phyllisina La Mia Vinson JD
Dr. Maurice Orlando Wallace Ph.D.
Ms. Charmaine Cyrillene White MBA
Ms. T'Nania Rene Whiteside MBA
Ms. Andrea Vanita Whittington MBA
Appendix tyfe 1 1
Duke University Libraries
II II II
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tapMHsW
tOLM X 1
ION SCHOOi
1
! r
MAU
LIBEMj
V rom the Hope Valley Protest and the Allen Building Takeover to the
Black Faculty Initiative, the history of African Americans on the Duke
campus has been punctuated by reminders that the struggle for justice is tar
from complete. These events were a stimulus for many of the university's
most difficult, yet most necessary, changes.
— Nannerl 0. Keohane, President
l\t some point along the way, the more serious academics at Duke and else-
where began to realize that the exclusion of African Americans solely on the
basis of race was not only specious and anti-intellectual but contrary to the very
principles on which the university was founded.
— John Hope Franklin, Professor Emeritus
W hen I arrived at Duke in 1959, many faculty,
administrators, and students felt that as a private uni-
versity Duke should be exempt from the legal directives of the 1954 decision
[Brown i'. Board of Education], . . . Consequently, it was to take eight years of dis-
cussion, debate, and research to produce the 1961—62 trustee resolutions inte-
grating the student body.
— Jack J. Pre Lis, Professor Emeritus
.L/et us look upon the thirtieth anniversary not merely as a self-congratula-
tory event, but as an opportunity to pause — to evaluate the successes and
accomplishments of the past, and to envision the future.
—Leonard C. Beckum, University Vice President c3 Vice Provost
Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committee
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